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2TRN Human Disease > Cell Repair > Flashcards

Cell Repair Flashcards

1
Q

what sets into motion the process of repair

A

inflammatory response

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2
Q

Cell Repair

A

the restoration of tissue ARCHITECTURE and FUNCTION after an injury

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3
Q

2 types of reactions for cell repair

A
  1. Regeneration - tissues return to a normal state

2. Scar Formation - repair by lying down connective fibrous tissue *usually accompanies CHRONIC inflammation

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4
Q

term for Scarring at Inflamed Sites

A

ORGANISATION

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5
Q

what determines which repair process will happen

A
  1. tissue type

2. nature of injury

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6
Q

what interaction is important in the repair process

A

that between the proliferating cells and the ECM

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7
Q

proliferating cells include…

A
  1. remnants of the injured tissue
  2. VASCULAR endothelial cells
  3. Fibroblasts
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8
Q

is cell proliferation controlled

A

yes; under tight control. uncontrolled proliferation may lead to cancer development

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9
Q

“Neoplastic Transformation”

A

cancer development

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10
Q

key processes involved in proliferation of cells

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Mitosis
    * controlled by the ‘Cell Cycle’
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11
Q

Define Cell Cycle

A

series of steps at which cell CHECKS accuracy of processes and instructs itself to PROCEED to the next step

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12
Q

4 phases of cell cycle

A
  1. The Presynthetic Growth Phase 1 (G1)
  2. DNA Synthesis Phase (S)
  3. The Premitotic Growth Phase 2 (G2)
  4. Mitotic Phase (M)
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13
Q

what promotes cells entering the cell cycle

A

GROWTH FACTORS

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14
Q

Role of CHECKPOINT CONTROLS

A

Prevent DNA replication OR mitosis of damaged cells

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15
Q

what determines ability of tissues to repair themselves

A

their PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY.

*accordingly, tissues of the body divided into 3 groups

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16
Q

3 groups?

A
  1. Labile Tissues
  2. Stable Tissues
  3. Permanent Tissues
17
Q

Labile Tissues

A
  • continuously dividing tissues
  • can readily regenerate after injury
    eg. stratified squamous surfaces of skin and oral cav.
  • cuboidal epithelia of DUCTS DRAINING exocrine glands
  • haematopoietic cells in bone marrow
18
Q

Stable Tissues

A
  • usually quiescent (period of inactivity) in the G0 stage
  • minimal replicative activity in their NORMAL state
  • yet, capable of proliferating IN RESPONSE TO INJURY or LOSS of tissue MASS
19
Q

eg Stable Tissues

A
  1. the parenchyma of most solid tissues - kidney, liver, and pancreas
  2. endothelial cells
  3. fibroblasts
  4. smooth muscle
20
Q

Permanent Tissues

A
  • terminally differentiated
  • nonproliferative in POSTNATAL life
  • regeneration not possible, results in a scar
  • NEURONS (brain)
  • CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS (heart)
21
Q

Stem Cells - function

A

replenishment of tissue as its mature cells (short-lived) die through stem cell differentiation

22
Q

2 properties of Stem Cells

A
  1. Self-renewal capacity

2. Asymmetric Replication

23
Q

Asymmetric replication of stem cells?

A

after each DIVISION, some progeny enter differentiation pathway, OTHERS remain undifferentiated (retaining their self-renewal capacity)

24
Q

Growth factors

A

=proteins
=stimulating cell division
=promoting cell survival

25
Q

Growth factors produced by

A
  • many by Leukocytes at site of injury
  • others: PARENCHYMAL cells
  • others: STROMAL cells (connective t)
26
Q

what are Mediators of Cell Proliferation

A
  1. Growth factors
  2. Cytokines
  3. ECM (sends signals)
  4. Hormones
27
Q

ECM

A

a Macromolecular complex

  • assembles into a network
  • surrounding cells
28
Q

ECM regulates…

A
  1. proliferation
  2. movement
  3. differentiation of cells
29
Q

ECM: two basic forms

A
  1. Interstitial matrix
    - between cell in Connective Tissue
    - between epithelium, supportive VASCULAR and smooth muscle structures
  2. BASEMENT MEMBRANE
    - lies beneath epithelium
30
Q

major components of ECM

A
  1. collagen
  2. proteoglycan
  3. hyaluronan
  4. elastin and others
31
Q

when regeneration alone not sufficient for repair

A

a. if non-dividing cells injured
b. -if tissue injury severe
- resulting in damage to PARENCHYMAL cells AND epithelia AND stromal framework

32
Q

4 sequential processes in REPAIR BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE DEPOSITION

A
  1. Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vess.
  2. FIBROBLAST migration + proliferation
  3. Scar Formation - ECM deposition
  4. Remodeling - maturation and REorganization of fibrous tissue
33
Q

when does REPAIR BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE DEPOSITION begin

A

within 24 hrs of injury

34
Q

what happens by 3 - 5 days later

A

formation of GRANULATION TISSUE

-pink, soft, granular gross appearance

35
Q

evolution of GRANULATION TISSUE

A

it progressively accumulates connect t matrix –> formation of a scar

2TRN Human Disease (4 decks)

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