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ib biology 22-23 > cell quiz 1.1-1.2 > Flashcards

cell quiz 1.1-1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

unicellular organisms

A

single celled, carry out all the functions of life independently

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2
Q

multicellular organisms

A

have specialized cells to carry out specific functions

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3
Q

organelles

A

specialized structures within the cell, carry out different functions, cannot survive alone

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4
Q

cells come from existing cells

A

cells multiple through division (mitosis-> identical diploid daughter cells, meiosis-> haploid gametes)

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5
Q

functions of life

A

nutrition
growth
response
excretion
metabolism
homeostasis
reproduction

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6
Q

smallest to largest

A

small molecule, virus, bacterium, animal cell, plant cell

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7
Q

plasma membrane is…

A

the surface of exchange for materials btwn the inside (oxygen, nutrients, water) and outside (co2, waste, products/proteins) of the cell

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8
Q

why does the surface area to volume ratio limit the size of a cell?

A
  • as the cell gets larger –> requires more resources to be imported + exported –> large volume requires more exchange across the membrane
  • as the cell gets larger –> SA to volume ratio gets smaller –> exchange processes become less efficient with increasing size
  • by dividing to make smaller cells, exchange processes across the membranes can be kept high, shorter diffusion paths, more surfaces for reactions, easier removal of heat + waste
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9
Q

diffusion pathways are

A

shorter + more efficient with a larger SA to volume ratio bc molecules do not have to travel far to get in/out of cell

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10
Q

folded structures

A

maximize SA to volume ratio for exchange of materials

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11
Q

scanning electron microscopes

A

high-resolution 3D surface images

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12
Q

transmission electron microscopes

A

view of inside of cells and organisms

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13
Q

actual size =

A

measured length/magnification

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14
Q

magnification =

A

measured length/ actual size or drawing bar/scale bar

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15
Q

field of view at 4x, 10x, 40x

A

4 mm, 2 mm, 0.4 mm

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16
Q

calculating field of view

A

fov1 x magnification 1 = fov2 x magnification 2

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17
Q

importance of surface area to volume ration as a factor of limiting cell size

A
  • small cells have larger ratio, ratio decreases as size increases
  • SA/membrane must be large enough to absorb substances needed and excrete waste products
  • need for materials is determined by cell volume
    cells divide when they reach a certain size
  • diffusion
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18
Q

prokaryotes

A

before nucleus, evolutionary precursor to eukaryotes

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19
Q

flagella

A

propels cell

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20
Q

fimbriae/pilli

A

appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface

21
Q

cell wall

A

rigid structure that surrounds, supports, protects cell

22
Q

plasma membrane

A

acts as a selective barrier, allowing oxygen, nutrients, wastes

23
Q

ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis

24
Q

nucleoid

A

contains genes that control the cell

25
Q

binary fission

A

primary method of reproduction for prokaryotes, asexual reproduction, doesn’t increase variation in population

26
Q

conjugation

A

prokaryotes exchange plasma DNA through pilli

27
Q

evidence of endosymbiotic theory (evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes)

A

Membranes - some organelles have double membranes (outer membrane may be vesicular in origin)
Antibiotics - susceptible to antibiotics (indicates organelles have bacterial origins)
Division - reproduction occurs via fission-like process
DNA - has own DNA which is naked and circular (like prokaryotic DNA structure)
Ribosomes - 70S in size (identical to prokaryotic)

28
Q

totipotent

A

can differentiate into any cell type

29
Q

pluripotent

A

can differentiate into many types of cell

30
Q

multipotent

A

can differentiate into a few closely related typed of cell

31
Q

unipotent

A

can regenerate into a another accoi

32
Q

stargardt’s disease

A

Early vision loss usually leading to blindness due to a gene mutation
Retinal pigment epithelial stem cells can be used to regenerate and support function of the eye’s light sensitive cells that have been damaged

33
Q

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

A
  • DNA in ring form without protein | DNA with proteins (chromosomes/chromatin)
  • DNA free in cytoplasm (nucleoid region) | DNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope (nucleus)
  • no mitochondria | mitochondria
  • 70S ribosomes | 80S ribosomes
  • no membrane bound organelles | membrane bound organelles
34
Q

types of eukaryotes

A

protista (unicellular, or multicellular with specialized tissue)
fungi
plantae
animalia

35
Q

nucleus

A
  • double membrane, continuos with ER
  • contains DNA and proteins (genetic info), DNA wound around proteins organized into chromosomes
  • pores allow mRNA + rRNA to pass through
  • nucleolus makes ribosomes
36
Q

ribosomes

A

no membrane bound, site of protein synthesis, made of rRNA + protein, soe atached to ER, some are free

37
Q

proteins on bound ribosomes

A

secreted out of cell

38
Q

proteins on free ribosomes

A

used inside cell

39
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth: no ribosomes, has enzymes embedded in the membrane, synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, stored Ca++ in muscle cells
rough: ribosomes, synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins, make membrane proteins and phospholipids that make up its own membrane

40
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • flattened membranous sacs
  • proteins + phosphos modified
  • products leave vesicles, these can go other places in the cell or to the membrane for secretion
  • products from ER chemically tagged and sorted to go into the right places
41
Q

lysosome

A
  • membranous sac with digestive enzymes (hydrolytic)
  • intracellular digestion of macromolecules
  • recycling of damaged organelles called autophagy
42
Q

mitochondria

A

cellular respiration

43
Q

vacuoles

A
  • hydrolytic enzymes
  • plant, fungi, protista
  • food vacuoles store food
  • contractile vacuoles in protists control water and salts
  • plants have central vacuole that gives internal support, stores organic molecules, pigments, poisons
44
Q

chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

45
Q

cell wall

A

plant cell

46
Q

carbohydrate storage

A

animal - glycogen
plant - starch

47
Q

chloroplasts

A

plant cells that photosynthesize

48
Q

vacuole

A

animal - small if present at all
plant - large, fluid filled vacuoles

49
Q

centrioles

A

animal cell - in a small centrosome ares

ib biology 22-23 (1 decks)

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