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Bio 12 > Cell Processes :) > Flashcards

Cell Processes :) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Cancer

A

A disease caused by a lot of multiplication with weird cells in a part of your body

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2
Q

What is Metastasis

A

The growth of cancer from its original spot; can take several months

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3
Q

What is Anaplasia

A

The disorganized and uncontrolled growth of cancer cells that don’t have any purpose

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4
Q

What is Vascularization

A

The process if which blood supply is connected to feed a tumour

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5
Q

What is a Abnormal Nuclei

A

When the nuclei in a cell is abnormal; misshapen or numerous

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6
Q

What is a Abnormal Cell

A

Irregular. less circular, misshapen and can be bigger or smaller

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7
Q

What is Lack of contact inhibition

A

The lack of contact inhibition. Process that prevents cells from growing when the come in contact with each other

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8
Q

What are the 7 danger signs

A
  1. Change in bowel/bladder habits
  2. a sore that does not heal
  3. unusual bleeding and discharge
  4. thickening in the breast or anywhere in body
  5. ingestion or difficulty swallowing
  6. obvious changes in a mole or wart
  7. nagging cough or hoarseness
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9
Q

What is the difference between Benign vs. Malignant tumours

A

Benign
- does not invade surrounding tissue
- grows slow
- minor damage; cells look similar to surrounding normal cells
Malignant
- tumour is cancerous; invasive to surrounding tissue
- grows slow or rapidly
- cells are invasive and atypical; major damage
-

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10
Q

What are Carcinogens and what are some examples

A

Environmental substances that cause mutations that can cause cancer
eg: Alcohol, tobacco, drugs, viruses, UV rays

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11
Q

What is an Initiator

A

Any substance that changes a proto oncogene into a oncogene

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12
Q

What is a Promoter

A

Any substance that stimulates a oncogene to produce cancer cells

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13
Q

What is an Oncogene

A

A cancer causing gene

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14
Q

What is a Proto Oncogene

A

An inactiver cancer causing gene

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15
Q

What are the most common cancers in men, women and children

A

Men
- lung, prostate, colorectal

Women
- Breast, colorectal, lung

Children
- leukemia, brain/spinal cord, nueroblastoma

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16
Q

What are the Risk factors/ causes of cancer

A
  • Alcohol and tobacco use
  • Radiation and sunlight
  • Bad diet and obesity
  • Age
17
Q

What are the methods of Cancer therapy

A
  1. surgery
    - Remove as much of the cancer cells as possible
  2. Chemotherapy
    - Drugs that kill cancer cells
  3. Radiation therapy
    - uses high energy beams such as x- rays or protons to kill cancer cells
18
Q

What are the Prevention Behaviours of cancer

A
  1. Avoid tobacco
  2. Eat Healthy
  3. Maintain a healthy weight and stay active
  4. Protect yourself from UV rays
  5. Moderate alcohol intake
19
Q

What are the 4 Chemical reactions that take place in the mitochondrion

Reaction - Location - Product - carriers - ATP made

A

glycolysis - cytoplasm - Glucose/Pyruvic acid - 2 NADH - 2

Transition - Cyto to mitomatrix - pyruvic acid/ Active acetate - 2 NADH - none

Citric Acid - Mitomatrix - Citric acid x 2 - 6 NADH 2 FADH - 2

Electron Transport - Christae - NADH FADH nad fad - none - 34

20
Q

Why does the mosaic model fit the structure of the Cell Membrane

A

fluid due to the phospholipid bilayer

mosaic due to the protein

21
Q

What does the Cell Membrane consist of

A
  • Phospholipid,
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • Recognition protein
    Transport protein / Protein channel
  • cholesterol
22
Q

What is the Diffusion Movement method and what is it affected by

A
  • High to low concentration
  • no energy needed
  • no protein channel needed

Affected by:
size and shape, temperature, concentration gradient; gas fast liquid slower

23
Q

What is the Osmosis Movement method and what are the two types

A
  • High to low concentration
  • no energy needed
  • no protein channel needed

Hypertonic:
- solutions that have a high concentration of solute (low water) = cell shrinks

Hypo tonic:
- solutions that have a low concentration of solute (high water_ = cell swells

24
Q

What is the Facilitated transport Movement method

A
  • high to low concentration
  • no energy needed
  • protein carriers needed
  • used for sugar ions and amino acids
25
Q

What is the active transport Movement method and what are the two types

A
  • low to high concentration
  • energy needed
  • protein carriers needed

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

26
Q

How does Endocytosis and Exocytosis work and what are the two types of Endocytosis

A

Endocytosis: Cells suck in Particles and form vacuoles
- Pinocytosis:
“cell drinking” eg; dissacharides

  • Phagocytosis:
    when the material is large “cell eating”

Exocytosis: When the Vacuoles fuse with the cell membrane and discharge the content inside

27
Q

Why are living things made of many cells rather than one large cell and why would that be a problem

A

All living organisms exchange nutrients and waste with their external environment

  • as a cell gets larger, the larger becomes further away from the cell membrane. content enters and exits into the cell by diffusion, which is a slow process.
  • as a cell gets larger the interior increases more than that of the cell membrane, therefore more chemical reactions are taking place within the cell and the cell membrane cannot keep up
28
Q

What is Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in your body, enzymes control your metabolism and act as a biological catalyst

29
Q

What are enzymes and its types/characteristics

A

Enzymes are proteins that speed up the chemical reactions taking place in our bodies

types/ characteristics

  • all enzymes have an active site that require specific molecules to activate
  • enzymes are recycled!
  • lowers the energy needed in a reaction
30
Q

What are substrates and what are its characteristics

A

substrates are the reactants in an enzyme’s reaction

  • work best in a specific pH and temperature
  • together forming enzyme- substrate complex
31
Q

What is Catabolism and Anabolism

A

Catabolism is when large molecules are broken down into their parts

Anabolism is when large molecules are formed from smaller units

Bio 12 (1 decks)

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