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cell processes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

photosynthesis definition

A

photosynthesis is plants using light energy to make chemical energy/sugar/glucose

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2
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

water + carbon dioxide → glucose + oxygen (in the presence of light

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3
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

in the chloroplasts of plant cells

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4
Q

where does the light dependent phase occur

A

thylakoid/grana

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5
Q

where does the light independent phase occur

A

stroma

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6
Q

what is the light dependent phase

A

photolysis

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7
Q

what is the light independent phase

A

hydrogen combined with carbon dioxide to make glucose

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8
Q

what are 5 factors that affect photosynthesis

A

temperature, light intensity, number of chloroplasts, chlorophyll concentration, water availability

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9
Q

what are the 4 structures adapted for photosynthesis

A

stroma, chlorophyll, double membrane, chloroplasts

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10
Q

how is the stroma adapted for photosynthesis

A

Stroma has light independent reactions / captures carbon / is clear.

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11
Q

how is the chlorophyll adapted for photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll / thylakoid membranes / grana absorb light / where light reactions happen.

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12
Q

how is the double membrane adapted for photosynthesis

A

Double membrane (around chloroplast) is clear to allow light through, it also controls what goes in and out of chloroplast.

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13
Q

how is the chloroplasts adapted for photosynthesis

A

Plants in the shade have bigger chloroplasts or more chloroplasts than plants in high light areas.

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14
Q

draw a chloroplast

A

refer to notes

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15
Q

respiration definition

A

the process that releases energy (ATP) from glucose / sugar. It can occur aerobically or anaerobically.

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16
Q

what are the two kinds of respiration

A

anaerobic and aerobic

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17
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm of an animal / plant cell and does not use oxygen. It makes less ATP than aerobic respiration.

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18
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria of an animal / plant cell and uses oxygen. It makes more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

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19
Q

anaerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose → lactic acid + (2) ATP (in animals and bacteria)

Glucose → Alcohol + (2) ATP (in fungi and plants)

20
Q

aerobic respiration equation

A

oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + (36) ATP (energy)

21
Q

2 advantages of aerobic respiration

A

lots of energy gained

Can be maintained as long as there is glucose due to minimal waste products.

22
Q

2 advantages of anaerobic respiration

A

energy in times of less (or no) oxygen

Energy is made faster.

23
Q

2 disadvantages of aerobic respiration

A

always needs oxygen

takes longer

24
Q

2 disadvantages of anaerobic respiration

A

Less ATP gained

build-up of toxic waste products.

25
Q

mitochondria drawing

A

refer to notes

26
Q

enzyme definition

A

Enzymes are proteins that act as a biological catalyst / speed up biological reactions by lowering the activation energy. They are specific to a reaction and are not used up in the reaction.

27
Q

how do enzymes perform their functions

A

Lock and key
Induced fit
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for biological reactions.
Enzymes have an optimum (best) temperature and pH where they catalyse reactions the fastest.

28
Q

what is locke and key

A

enzyme and substrate behave like a lock and key, the enzyme has an active site of a specific shape that fits a specific substrate.

29
Q

what is induced fit

A

enzymes are able to change their shape so the substrate fits into the active site.

30
Q

enzyme inhibitor definition

A

they prevent the substrate from binding to the active site of enzymes and slow down (or stop) biological reactions.

31
Q

what can denature enzymes

A

temperature and pH

32
Q

how does temperature denature enzymes

A

when the temperature is too high causing the enzymes’ 3D protein structure to change shape and alter the active site permanently (irreversible). Therefore, substrates can no longer ‘fit’ the active site and the biological reaction slows / stops.

33
Q

how does pH denature enzymes

A

extreme pH levels (very high or very low) causing the enzymes’ 3D protein structure to change shape and alter the active site permanently (irreversible). Therefore, substrates can no longer ‘fit’ the active site and the biological reaction slows / stops.

34
Q

enzyme drawing

A

refer to notes

35
Q

what is the purpose of DNA replication

A

to create identical copies of the cell’s DNA so new cells have correct information / correct amount of DNA in each cell. This allows the new cells to carry out their function

36
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis

A

to create identical cells for growth and repair.

37
Q

steps of DNA replication (before mitosis)

A
  1. DNA uncoils and unzips (an enzyme does this)
  2. Bases are added by another enzyme to each unzipped strand according to the base pairing rule (A-T & G-C)
  3. The leading strand is copied continuously
  4. The lagging strand is copied in parts called Okazaki fragments
  5. Two identical strands of DNA are produced.
38
Q

steps of mitosis

A
  1. Chromosome replicate (copy)
  2. Replicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
  3. Spindle fibres attach to the centromere of the chromosomes
  4. Chromosomes are pulled apart to each end of the cell
  5. The cell divides into two identical cells.
39
Q

where does mitosis occur

A

Happens more often in tissue that is replaced/damaged often: Skin, Inside intestines
Happens less in tissue that is not replaced often: Brain, Liver, Heart

40
Q

when does mitosis occur

A

Happens more often in young organisms (they grow faster)

Happens in plants more often during warmer weather (spring/summer)

41
Q

mitosis drawing x2

A

refer to notes

42
Q

3 types of transport

A

diffusion, osmosis, active transport

43
Q

diffusion definition

A

is the net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Diffusion takes place along a concentration gradient. Diffusion is passive / has no energy requirement.

44
Q

osmosis definition

A

the movement of water from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential through a cell/semi-permeable membrane. This is a passive process because no ATP/energy is needed and the water moves along a concentration gradient from high to low.

45
Q

active transport definition

A

is the movement of materials against a concentration gradient from low to high concentration. It requires the use of ATP (energy) and takes place through protein molecules in the cell membrane.

46
Q

how does the size of cells affect transport (surface area to volume ratio)

A

Cells can only grow to a certain size before the SA:V ratio becomes too small to support rapid transport of materials throughout the cell. Therefore, after the cell reaches a certain size, it must carry out mitosis to produce two new smaller cells that have a larger SA:V ratio and can transport materials at a fast-enough rate to support cellular function.

For example, oxygen must be able to diffuse into the cell fast enough to support respiration (carbon dioxide also needs to be able to diffuse out). Therefore, by keeping cells small enough to have the correct SA:V ratio for transport of materials, mitosis helps each new cell to function better.

biology (3 decks)

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