Cell Physiology

Question 1

What are the parts of the cell?

Answer 1

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Rough & Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton

Question 2

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Answer 2

contains the genomic material and repairs the damaged DNA

Question 3

What is the function of the Cytoplasm?

Answer 3

aqueous solution which contains ions, molecules and different organelles

Question 4

What is the function of the Rough ER?

Answer 4

has ribosomes, synthesis of protein, translates mRNA and modification of proteins post-translation

Question 5

What is the function of the Smooth ER?

Answer 5

has no ribosomes, for detoxification, conversion of fat-soluble molecules to water soluble molecules (liver), and calcium sequestration

Question 6

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 6

packaging of proteins and modification of proteins post-translation

Question 7

What is the function of Lysosomes?

Answer 7

contains digestive enzymes which has degradative functions (ex. lipase and glycosidases)

Question 8

What is the function of Cytoskeleton?

Answer 8

exemplified by filaments and microtubules which are important for muscle contraction, locomotion and structural support

Question 9

What is the function of the Cell Membrane?

Answer 9

separates the intracellular components from the extra cellular components

Question 10

_______ are important for vesicular transport? (3)

Answer 10

Actin
Dynein
Kinesin

Question 11

Cell Membrane is composed of _____? (w percent)

Answer 11

proteins (55%)
lipids (42%)
carbohydrates (3%)

Question 12

Lipids are composed of _____?

Answer 12

2 fatty acids tails (1 with kinking)

Question 13

What causes the kinking?

Answer 13

unsaturated fats

Question 14

Phospholipids are composed of _____?

Answer 14

charged-polar head (aqueous environment) and non-polar fatty acid chains (lipid bilayer)

Question 15

Phospholipids are involved in _____?

Answer 15

signal transduction

Question 16

Which Phospholipids are found on the outer leaflet? (2)

Answer 16

Phosphatidylcholine and Sphingomyelin

Question 17

Which Phospholipids are found on the inner leaflet? (3)

Answer 17

PhosphatidylETHANOLAMINE
PhosphatidylSERINE
PhosphatidylINOSITOL
(E S I)

Question 18

Which Phospholipids have Glycerol as backbone? (4)

Answer 18

PhosphatidylCHOLINE
PhosphatidylETHANOLAMINE
PhosphatidylSERINE
PhosphatidylINOSITOL
(C E S I)

Question 19

Which Phospholipids have Sphingosine as backbone? (1)

Answer 19

Sphingomyelin

Question 20

Cholesterol is also called as _____?

Answer 20

buffer molecule or moderator molecule

Question 21

What is the function of Cholesterol?

Answer 21

provides mechanical stability and flexibility at normal temperature

Question 22

Polar group of Cholesterol attaches to _____ of Phospholipids?

Answer 22

polar group

Question 23

Non-polar group of Cholesterol attaches to _____ of Phospholipids?

Answer 23

fatty acids

Question 24

Cholesterol keeps the _____ firm and ____ by forming lipid drops

Answer 24

lipid, fluid

Question 25

Cholesterol prevents _____?

Answer 25

lipid crystallization

Question 26

Glycolipids are composed of _____?

Answer 26

polar group with Carbohydrate attached to the fatty acid chain

Question 27

What are the 3 types of proteins?

Answer 27

Integral/Transmembrane, Peripheral/Surface and Lipid-anchored

Question 28

What are the function of Carbohydrates?

Answer 28

Cell identity marker and communication, attachment agent/anchor and act as channels

Question 29

What is the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 29

describes that protein, lipids and cholesterol can move freely anywhere along the plane of the membrane

Question 30

What are the factors affecting fluidity?

Answer 30

Temperature and Lipid composition

Question 31

In low temperature, cholesterol situates itself between phospholipids to _____; clusters with each other to become _____?

Answer 31

prevent crystallization, more viscous

Question 32

In high temperature, cholesterol situates itself between phospholipids but the _____from each other to _____?

Answer 32

distance is farther, increase fluidity

Question 33

What are the functions of the Cell Membrane? (8)

Answer 33

``` cell transport cell identification, maintains composition of ICF & ECF site of signal transduction cellular stability anchors cells to neighboring cells to the basal lamina site of enzymatic activities determines cell shape ```

Question 34

What is the function of Intercellular Junctions?

Answer 34

anchor cells to neighboring cells to provide stability and communication between cells?

Question 35

Tight Junctions are also called as _____?

Answer 35

Zonula Occludens

Question 36

What is the function of Adhering Junction?

Answer 36

provide mechanical adhesion by linking the cytoskeleton of the adjacent cells together