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a&p exam 1 > Cell Phys N Transport > Flashcards

Cell Phys N Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Define osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient ,
From high conc to low conc

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2
Q

Isotonic?

A

Two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes (equal tension)

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3
Q

Hypertonic?

A

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution.

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4
Q

Crenation

A

Shriveling of a cell in a hypertonic solution when the water leaves the cell via osmosis

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5
Q

Solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solution

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6
Q

Hemolysis

A

Cells in a hypotonic solution will take on to much water with the risk of eventually bursting

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7
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

A process used for substances that cannot pass thru the lipid bilayer on their own. Due to their charge , size and or polarity. It takes place with the help of proteins such as channel proteins and carrier proteins

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8
Q

Facilitated diffusion example

A

Movement of glucose into the cell where it is used to make ATP. A specialized carrier protein called glucose transport helps facilitate this.

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9
Q

Catalysts

A

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

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10
Q

Activation Energy

A

The energy needed to break the chemical bonds in the reactant molecules so a reaction can start.

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11
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

Exo - out
Releasing more energy than they absorb
e.g. Eat food = energy is released

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12
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Absorbing more energy than they give out

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13
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

The unequal sharing of electrons b/t two atoms.
Ex:The nucleus of one atom attracts the shared e- more strongly than the nucleus of the other atom.

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14
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Polar Covalent (unequal sharing)
Bond b/t H and other atoms (usually O and N)
Forms when d+ H atoms attract a d- charge of a nearby electronegative atom and are attraction bonds not sharing

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15
Q

Electrolytes

A

Ionic compound that breaks apart in a solution into pos and neg ions.
It can conduct electricity

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16
Q

How are Ions formed?

A

When atoms lose or gain a valence electron

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17
Q

How is an ionic bond formed

A

Opposites attract
The force of the pos and neg ions holds them together.
Ex. Na+ and Cl- = NaCl

Na+ = Cation
Cl- = Anion

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18
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

The sharing of a valence electron
can be single, double, or triple bonds

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19
Q

What is a molecule?

A

When 2 or more atoms share electrons.
e.g. O2, H20

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20
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance that contains atoms of 2 different elements.
e.g H2O, NaCL ( 02 is not a compound as it has one element. )

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21
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms with different number of neutrons.
e.g. O12, O13, O14

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22
Q

Examples of radioactive isotopes

A

H3, C14, O15, O19
They have a half-life which is the time it takes to decay (very unstable).

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23
Q

What is decay?

A

The time it takes to stabilize

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24
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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25
Q

Atomic Mass?

A

Average mass of all stable atoms. Sum of protons and neutrons in the atom.

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26
Q

Atomic number?

A

Top number above element
Number of protons in the nucleus

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27
Q

Octet Rule

A

Valence shell wants 8 e- to be stable

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28
Q

Pericardium membrane

A

Serous membrane covers:
The Surface of the Heart = Visceral Pericardium
Lines the chest wall = Parietal Pericardium

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29
Q

Solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solution
e.g. Salt

30
Q

Solvent

A

a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.

31
Q

Acids, Bases, Buffers

A

pH less than 7 = Acid (HCl)
pH greater than 7 = Base (KOH)
buffer = a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components. (KCL)

32
Q

Passive Transport

A

No energy used due to process moving high to low ( like a dam). Moving with the gradient.

33
Q

Active Transport

A

Energy is used; ATP creates energy. [Low] to [High] going against the gradient so energy is needed

34
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Smaller and lack carbons H2O, NaCl

35
Q

organic compounds

A

Carbon based w hydrogen. Large molecules

36
Q

Enzymes

A

Speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Enzymes do not change and continue working after the reaction

37
Q

Kinetic energy

A

under motion

38
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy contained w/in an object. STORED ENERGY

39
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

Anabolism/Anabolic - to make/build
A+B = AB

40
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

Catabolism - breakdown e.g. disaccharide -> monosaccharide
AB -. A + B

41
Q

Exchange relations

A

Swapping partners
AB + CD = AC + BD

42
Q

Reversible reaction

A

AB+CD <-> AC + BD

43
Q

PISO

A

Potassium in, sodium out (membrane gradient)

44
Q

OILRIG

A

Oxidation is loss, reduction is gained

45
Q

Properties of water

A

High heat capacity (strong hydrogen bonds are hard to break)
Abundant for life/organism
e.g. sweating; H2O forms as sweat and is released, evaporating releases heat and you cool down.

46
Q

Concentration

A

Amount of solute in a solution

47
Q

[H+]

A

Number of protons in a solution = 0.0001M

48
Q

pH = -log[H=]

A

concentration of H+ in moles/l

49
Q

Gastric juice

A

acidic 1.2-3.0 pH

50
Q

Urine

A

basic 4.6-8.0 depending on diet

51
Q

Blood

A

pH7.35-7.45

52
Q

Cofactors

A

Are non-organic substances, usually metal ions, needed for the proper functioning of certain enzymes. (Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca)

A non-protein compound, usually a metallic ion, that is required for an enzyme to function as a catalyst.

53
Q

Coenzymes

A

An organic, nonprotein compound necessary for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Usually derived from vitamins

54
Q

Match the substrate, enzyme and product in this series for glycogenesis:

  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose-6-PO4
  3. Hexokinase
A
  1. Product
  2. Substrate
  3. Enzyme
55
Q

Match the substrate, enzyme and product in this series for lipolysis.

A. Triglycerides
B. Glycerol and fatty acids
C. Lipase

A

A. Substrate
B. Products
C. Lipase

56
Q

Hexokinase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate using ATP to add a phosphate group to glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. I

57
Q

The substance of interest in a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme

A

Substrate

58
Q

A complete and catalytically active enzyme bound to a cofactor.

A

Holoenzyme

59
Q

An inactive enzyme that is activated by the binding of a cofactor.

A

Apoenzyme

60
Q

A protein produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst for a specific biochemical reaction

A

Enzyme

61
Q

The breaking of hydrogen bonds in a protein or nucleic acids due to temperature or pH changes.

A

Denaturation

62
Q

Folic acid (vitamin B6) is critical in the metabolism of nucleic acid precursors, branched side-chain amino acids and in various methylation reactions. The most common condition associated with a folate deficiency is __?__.

A.	Rickets
B.	osteomalacia
C.	anemia
D.	cancer
E.	Beriberi
A

Megaloblastic Anemia

63
Q

Iron is an essential component of hundreds of proteins, including enzymes, related to oxygen transport, energy production and DNA synthesis. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide. What is the most common effect of this deficiency?

A.	anemia
B.	osteoporosis
C.	kidney stones
D.	Rickets
E.	obesity
A

Anemia

64
Q

Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and metabolized to the active form in the liver and kidney. Vitamin D has many effects and a deficiency can lead to increased bone breakdown, glucose intolerance, increased risk of autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease and more. We talk about vitamin D primarily in its role with parathyroid hormone in __?__ homeostasis.

A.	calcium
B.	glucose
C.	energy
D.	iron
E.	B12
A

A. Calcium

65
Q

What is a reagent?

A

A substance or mixture for use in chemical analysis or other chemical reactions

66
Q

Which of the following is NOT a means of reaching or lowering the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed?

A

Increasing pH

67
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of anabolism?

A

Digestion of a disaccharide into a monosaccharide. Digestion is not an example of anabolism, it is catabolism.

68
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of catabolism?

A

Production of acetyl choline from choline and acetyl-CoA

69
Q

Match the enzyme to its substrate.

A. Lipase
B. Lactase
C. Peroxidase

A

A. Triglycerides
B. Lactose
C. H2O2 (peroxide)

70
Q

Match the substrate, enzyme and product in this series for glycogenesis.

A. Glucose
B. Glucose-6-phosphate
C. Hexokinase

A

A. Substrate
B. Product
C.Enzyme

71
Q

Which organelle contains most of the enzymes for cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria

a&p exam 1 (1 decks)

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