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Cell Phys Exam 1 > Cell Phys Exam 2 > Flashcards

Cell Phys Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the nucleus found?

A

in eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

All mammalian cells have a nucleus EXCEPT _____?

A

mature red blood cells

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3
Q

This surrounds the nucleus and consists of a double membrane

A

nuclear envelope

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4
Q

Which part of the nuclear envelope is a lipid bi-layer supported internally by a nuclear lamina?

A

Inner nuclear membrane

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5
Q

Which part of the nuclear envelope is a thin dense network of protein filaments?

A

nuclear lamina

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6
Q

What is the area between the 2 nuclear membranes that is connected to the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum called?

A

perinuclear space

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7
Q

what is a lipid bi-layer connected to the endoplasmic reticulum called?

A

outer nuclear membrane

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8
Q

What spans the entire nuclear envelope?

A

The nuclear pore complex

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9
Q

What does the nuclear pore complex consist of?

A
  • 2 parallel rings with 8 subunits outlining the ring

- a central granule called the transporter

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10
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pore complex?

A

to transport macromolecules across the nuclear envelope

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11
Q

What materials does the nuclear pore complex transport?

A

RNA, ribosomal sub-porteins, carbs, signaling molecules, lipids, etc.

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12
Q

What is an acidic nuclear protein involved in transporting through nuclear pores and within nuceloplasm called?

A

Nucleoplasmin

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13
Q

What do exportins and inportins do?

A

they are proteins that transport materials

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14
Q

what is the fluid portion containing enzymes and RNA called?

A

nucleoplasm

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15
Q

What is found in the nucleoplasm?

A

chromosomes

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16
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

DNA to special proteins

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17
Q

What is the complex of DNA and protein in the chromosomes called?

A

Chromatin

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18
Q

What proteins is a primary protein of chromatin that cause chromatin packing and helps in gene regulation?

A

Histone Proteins

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19
Q

Bead-like structures created by “spools of DNA” are called?

A

nucleosomes

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20
Q

Nucleosomes consist of _______ & _______

A
  • Wrapped DNA
    &
  • Protein core of 8 histone molecules.
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21
Q

What is chromatin remodeling complex?

A
  • proteins that us ATP to change nucleosome structure and is necessary for transcription, replication and repair.
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22
Q

Which chromatin is less dense and more active DNA, only type of chromatin in prokaryotes and the more active the cell is the more it should have of this?

A

Euchromatin

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23
Q

Which chromatin is tightly packed or condensed, not likely to be undergoing transcription, often peripheral in nucleus, and functions for gene regulation and chromosome protection?

A

Heterochromatin

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24
Q

This is composed of DNA, RNA and proteins, lacks a membrane and usually has 1-4/nucleus

A

Nucleoli

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25
Q

What are the 3 function of the nucleolus

A
  1. make rRNA
  2. make proteins necessary for ribosomes
  3. make daughter nucleoli
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26
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus?

A
  1. reproduction of the cell
  2. heredity
  3. control all cell functions
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27
Q

DNA —-> RNA is called?

A

Transcription

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28
Q

RNA —–> Proteins is called?

A

Translation

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29
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A
  1. Structural

2. Dynamic

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30
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A
  • genetic material of cells and viruses

- present in the nucleus and cytoplasm

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31
Q

What are the 2 important types of nucleic acids?

A
  1. DNA

2. RNA

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32
Q

Which nucleic acid is most in the nucleus, and carries genetic info for protein synthesis?

A

DNA

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33
Q

What is a gene?

A

a segment of DNA that determines a specific sequence of amino acids in a particular protein

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34
Q

What is a genome?

A

1 complete DNA copy

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35
Q

What is a mitochondrial genome?

A

single circular DNA obtained from the mother

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36
Q

what is a nuclear genome?

A

DNA within 1 chromosome set; for example in an ovum or sperm there is a haploid set of chromosomes created by meiosis.

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37
Q

Which chromosomes have on complete DNA strand, proteins, centromere, and telomeres?

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes

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38
Q

what is an area where 2 parts touch called in a DNA structure?

A

centromere

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39
Q

what is a repeating sequence at each end of DNA structure called?

A

telomeres

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40
Q

What are chemical subunits made of?

A

nucleotides

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41
Q

What are the 3 parts to a DNA nucleotide?

A
  1. one phosphate group
  2. one pentose sugar
  3. one nitrogenous base
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42
Q

What are the two categories to DNA nitrogenous bases?

A

Purines

Pyrimidines

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43
Q

What is a purine and what are the two subunits?

A
  • a double ringed structure
    1. Adenine (A)
    2. Guanine (G)
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44
Q

What is a pyrimidine and what are the two subunits?

A
  • a single ringed structure
    1. Cytosine (C)
    2. Thymine (T)
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45
Q

What are the 5 main points to remember about the Watson and Crick’s DNA model?

A
  1. two DNA strands are twisted in a double helix
  2. Each strand is a linear arrangement of subunits called nucleotides
  3. DNA bases pair in a specific way:
    A-T and G-C
  4. The 2 strands join at the nitrogenous bases using weak hydrogen cones. Why weak H bonds? because it needs to be unzipped to make proteins and copied.
  5. Nucleotides are joined by linking the phosphate on the 5’ end to the deoxyribose of on on the 3’ position.
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46
Q

How many bonds are between A and T?

A

2 H bonds

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47
Q

How many bonds are between G and C?

A

3 H bonds

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48
Q

An example of nucleotide linkage:

A

If 1 DNA strand is untwisted and has an orientation of 5’ to 3’ then its complement strand will run 3’ to 5’. The nitrogenous base will pair to the 1’ carbon and the phosphate bonds at the 5’ carbon position

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49
Q

RNA is found where?

A

mostly in the cytoplasm

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50
Q

RNA structure is made of subunits called?

A

ribonucleic acids

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51
Q

What are the 3 parts to a ribonucleic acid?

A
  1. A phosphate group
  2. A pentose sugar (Ribose)
  3. A nitrogenous base
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52
Q

RNA is usually single stranded but it is folded with loops it is…

A

tRNA

53
Q

There are 2 purines and 2 Pyrimidines in RNA name the subunits respectively:

A

Purines- Adenine, Guanine
Pyrimidines- Cyostine and Uracil
(Note: RNA has U instead of T)

54
Q

What is the function of Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A
  • carries genetic info from nucleus to cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
55
Q

What is a transfer of into from DNA to mRNA called?

A

transcription

56
Q

What is the function of Transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

to decode (translate) the mRNA base sequence into specific amino acid sequence of a particular protein

57
Q

The process of decoding the genetic mRNA message into a protein is called?

A

Translation

58
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A
  1. Component of ribosomal structure
  2. Binds mRNA to ribosomes
  3. Forms peptide bond with adjacent amino acid
59
Q

Since rRNA catalyzes the joining of amino acids rRNA can be called a ?

A

Ribozyme

60
Q

Rules for copying DNA include:

A
  1. DNA always replicated 3’ end to 5’ end
  2. Base pairing rules apply:
    A-T & G-C
  3. New DNA is always antiparallel. (Will grow from 5’ end to its 3’ end.)
61
Q

Ribosomes are found in all cells except:

A

RBC’s, platelets, and mammalian sperm

62
Q

Which cell has more ribosomes eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic Cells

63
Q

What are the 3 types of ribosomes?

A
  1. Free Ribosomes
  2. Membrane-bound ribosomes (attached to membranes of RER)
  3. Parts of a polysome
64
Q

What is a cluster of ribosomes bound to a mRNA called?

A

Polysome (ergosome)

65
Q

What does S-values indicate?

A

They indicate size and tells how fast a particle sediments in an ultracentrifuge so cannot add up to the #’s

ex. eukaryotic cytoplasm: 80S
prokaryotic: 70S
mitochondria: 55S

66
Q

What are the 2 parts of a ribosome?

A
  1. Small subunit - on top

2. Large subunit - on bottom

67
Q

T/F in ribosomal proteins a large subunit has more than a small subunit?

A

True

68
Q

What are the two functions of a ribosomal protein?

A
  1. Combine w/rRNA to make ribosomes

2. play role in protein synthesis

69
Q

The formation of ribosomes is function of the _____?

A

Nucleolus

70
Q

What are the 3 steps to form ribosomes?

A
  1. Transcribe genes from rRNA from DNA
  2. Process molecules for pre-ribosomal RNA
  3. Assemble the ribosome subunits
71
Q

How do ribosomes guid protein synthesis?

A
  1. Properly orientate mRNA, tRNA and amino acids

2. rRNA in large subunit acts as a ribozyme, joining amino acids by peptide bonds

72
Q

Where is the mRNA binding site?

A

in a small subunit

73
Q

Where is the “A” Site (acceptor site) binding site at and its function?

A
  • binds on a large subunit

- functionally brings in new amino acids during translation

74
Q

Where is the “E” Site (lounge site) exit binding site?

A
  • located behind the P site

tRNA binds here after it releases amino acids

75
Q

What is the rule for tRNA binding to sites A,P & E?

A
  1. A.A. w/tRNA binds:
    1st to A site, 2nd to P site & last to E site.
  2. No more than 2 sites contain tRNA at same time
    Ex: P & A sites have tRNA or P & E sites have tRNA
76
Q

DNA to DNA is called?

A

Replication

77
Q

DNA to RNA is called?

A

Transcription

78
Q

RNA to Protein is called?

A

Translation

79
Q

How many DNA bases?

A

4

80
Q

What are the DNA bases?

A

A,T,G,C

81
Q

How many RNA bases?

A

4

82
Q

What are the RNA bases?

A

A,U,G,C

83
Q

What is a codon?

A

3 bases of DNA or RNA that code for a specific amino acid

Example: TAC is codon for amino acid methionine

84
Q

How many codons are possible?

A

4x4x4= 64

85
Q

Do all codons code for amino acids?

A

61 do: all but 3 which are stop codons ( chain terminators)

86
Q

What type of DNA strand will be copied to make mRNA?

A

Template Strand

87
Q

What type of strand is a non-template strand and is identical in amino acid sequence as the new mRNA except uracil instead of thymine.

A

Coding Strand

88
Q

Start codons in DNA=___

A

TAC (methionine)

89
Q

Start codons in RNA= ___ &___

A

AUG (methionine) & sometimes GUG (valine)

90
Q

More common amino acids have 4-6 different codons.

Examples are:

A

Leucine

& Serine

91
Q

Least common amino acids have 1 codon. Example:

A

methionine

92
Q

Code table is NOT random. Most synonyms only differ in the ___ base.

A

3rd

93
Q

Is the genetic code universal?

A

NO

94
Q

What are the building blocks needed to make RNA?

A

-ribonucleotide triphosphates which include ribose, base and phosphate groups.

95
Q

what is an enzyme needed to join nucleotide triphosphates to make RNA called?

A

RNA polymerase II (in nucleoplasm)

96
Q

This is the process by which information from DNA is converted into its RNA equivalent. The form of RNA from this process is called?

A

Transcription

-mRNA

97
Q

The working copies of genes are made of mRNA and occurs in the ______?

A

Nucleus

98
Q

What are the first 5 steps of transcription sequence?

A
  1. Before transcription, chromatin is packed within histones so DNA is inaccessible.
  2. RNA polymerase II enzyme initiates DNA transcription by searching for a promoter site
  3. Transcription factors (proteins) bind first to DNA and then RNA polymerase II can bind to the promoter site.
  4. The binding of RNA polymerase II to the promoter initiates DNA separation.
  5. RNA polymerase II moves along the DNA template strand )= sense strand) & forms temporary H bonds between DNA nucleotide and free ribonucleotides.
99
Q

Alkaline proteins that act as spools in which DNA winds around is?

A

Histones

100
Q

The promoter site is also a _____ ___ ______

A

Site of initiation

101
Q

DNA template strands run x’-v’ and RNA strands run v’-x’. x and v are?

A

3-5 and 5-3

102
Q

What is the 6th step in the transcription sequence?

A

RNA polymerase will then:
A. covalently link adjacent ribonucleotides
B. Release (hydrolysis) 2 phosophates form each ribonucleotide triphosphate

103
Q

What is the 7th step in the transcription sequence?

A

RNA chain grows until RNA polymerase II transcribes a terminal signal (at 3’ end). Then RNA polymerase releases DNA and new RNA strand.

104
Q

What is the 8th step in the transcription sequence?

A

The new RNA strand= mRNA
- This mRNA is a mirror image of the DNA template “sense” strand. The promoter site indicates which DNA strand will be the template “sense” strand. DNA always reads 3’-5’.

105
Q

What is the 9th-11th steps in the transcription sequence?

A
  1. Error frequency is RNA synthesis = 1 wrong base for every 100000 transcribed.
  2. When RNA polymerase reaches a “stop” sequence, it will release the new RNA.
  3. AfterRNA released: series of 100-200 adenine nucleotides added to its end= poly A tail.
106
Q

What is a poly A tail?

A
  • not part of DNA
  • on 3’ ed of the transcribed RNA
  • acts as a signal to allow RNA to move out of nucleus and bind to ribosomes in cytoplasm
  • Specific function may increase life and time of the mRNA (from mins to hours or days)
107
Q

What % of DNA genes are transcribed into RNA?

A

10-20%

108
Q

Genes transcribed ONLY when RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter sites : T/F?

A

True

109
Q

this typo of codon has:

  • expression regions
  • RNA transcript regions that DO code for sequences of amino acids
  • Vary in size: 200 base pairs
  • small # of ____ responsible for all proteins
A

Exons

110
Q

This type of codon has:

  • noncoding sequences of nuclotides found between exons
  • Estimated 75-95% of human DNA codes for _____
  • function is unclear
A

Introns

111
Q

What is splicing?

A

The removal of introns

112
Q

What is the purpose of splicing?

A
  1. Leave a continuous sequence of exons.

2. To reconnect exons in different sequences because they can create different mRNA sequences from the same gene.

113
Q

Where does splicing occur?

A

In the nucleus

114
Q

What is a spliceosome?

A

A protein complex and small nuclear RNA’s= snurps= small nuclear ribonucleic-proteins

115
Q

RNA needs to move to the ____ where translation occurs.

A

cytoplasm

116
Q

What process must occur before transcripted RNA moves into the cytoplasm?

A

splicing

117
Q

How many base pairs in a DNA promoter site?

A

several dozen

118
Q

What is important with a DNA promoter site?

A
  1. Determines location of RNA synthesis
  2. Determines which DNA strand acts as the template
  3. Is the binding site for RNA polymerase II
119
Q

Where is the DNA promoter site located?

A

Located on the 3’ DNA “sense” strand to the left of the start codon TAC

120
Q

What are upstream bases?

A
  • before the TAC codon ( the the left of TAC) these are non coding bases.
121
Q

What are downstream bases?

A
  • to the right of TAC codon these are protein coding bases so start point is always a T.
122
Q

What is an important upstream component?

A

Core Promoter

123
Q

What part of the core promoter has a short are by the startpoint?

A

Initiator sequence

124
Q

What part of the core promotor is located at 25 cases upstream?

A

TATA box (important because RNA polymerase starts with attaching transcription factors to the TATA box)

125
Q

What is an enhanceosome?

A

a multiprotein complex that activates transcription

126
Q

What are proximal control elements?

A

a short sequence upstream of the core promoter

127
Q

Where are the proximal control elements located?

A

to the left of the TATA box and within the 200 nucleotides of the start point

128
Q

What are the 2 parts of the proximal control elements?

A
  1. CAAT box

2. GC box

Cell Phys Exam 1 (2 decks)

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