Cell Organisation And Organelles

Question 1

What do cells all have in common

Answer 1

DNA, cytoplasm and plasma membrane

Question 2

How big is a cell?

Answer 2

Prokaryotes: 1-10 um
Eukaryotes: 10-100 um

Question 3

Why aren’t they not bigger

Answer 3

1. Diffusion

2. Communication and contact - a bigger surface area to volume ratio

Question 4

What are the types of cells?

Answer 4

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 5

What are the types of prokaryotes?

Answer 5

Bacteria and archaea

Question 6

What is archaea

Answer 6

Prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions

Question 7

When did the first eukaryotes emerge?

Answer 7

1.5 bya

Question 8

Examples of archaea

Answer 8

Methanogens, halophiles and thermophiles

Question 9

When did archaea diverged from bacteria

Answer 9

2 bya

Question 10

Characteristics of prokaryotes

Answer 10

Some are photosynthetic.
Some can break down dead organic matter, pathogenic
They can have different shapes

Question 11

What is the simple structure of prakoryotes

Answer 11

Has a cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane and encased in a rigid cell wall

Question 12

what is the structure of prokaryote’s cell wall?

Answer 12

lies outside the plasma membrane and is porous.

Question 13

proteoglycan

Answer 13

polymer of peptides and carbohydrates found in prokaryotic cell walls.

Question 14

what is the function of prokaryotic cell wall

Answer 14

protection, shape maintenance and prevents excessive water uptake.

Question 15

classification of bacteria

Answer 15

gram positive and gram negative

Question 16

how do antibiotics work in bacteria

Answer 16

by disrupting cell wall synthesis

Question 17

what covers a prokaryotic cell wall?

Answer 17

slimy capsule

Question 18

what is the function of the capsule in prokaryotes?

Answer 18

prevents drying out and helps for the attachment.

Question 19

how do prokaryotes stay mobile?

Answer 19

by having flagellum and pili

Question 20

what are flagellum for?

Answer 20

locomotion of prokaryotes

Question 21

what are flagellum made of?

Answer 21

flagellin helix.

Question 22

how do flagellum work?

Answer 22

rotated by a protein motor secured in the plasma membrane.

Question 23

what are the function of pili

Answer 23

for movement of prokaryotes and for exchange of genetic material.

Question 24

what is the simple interior of prokaryotes?

Answer 24

few/no internal compartments, no membrane-bound organelles, no nucleus, cytoplasm has no internal support structure and DNA, enzymes etc. have access to all parts of the cell without compartmentalisation.

Question 25

what are the 7 kingdoms

Answer 25

Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, PLantae and animalia

Question 26

basic structure of eukaryotes

Answer 26

have complex interiors and varied greatly in size and shape.

Question 27

what do plant and fungi cells have?

Answer 27

strong cell wall.

Question 28

what is a plant cell wall made of?

Answer 28

composed of cellulose embedded in polysaccharides and proteins.

Question 29

what are plasmodesmata?

Answer 29

membrane lined channels that interconnects plant cells

Question 30

what are vacuoles?

Answer 30

stores proteins, pigments and wastes. They are important for turgidity giving turgor pressure.

Question 31

what are contractile vacuole?

Answer 31

stores water coming in through osmosis.

Question 32

what is cytoplasm?

Answer 32

cytosol + organelles.

site of metabolism and catabolism.

Question 33

what is nucleus?

Answer 33

where DNA is

Question 34

what is nucleolus?

Answer 34

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis.

Question 35

what is chromatin surrounded of?

Answer 35

nucleoplasm

Question 36

what is nuclear lamina?

Answer 36

intermediate filaments that line the inner nuclear membrane.

Question 37

what is the purpose of nuclear lamina?

Answer 37

maintains nuclear shape and keeps chromsomes in their territories.

Question 38

nucleolus

Answer 38

where ribosomes are made.

Question 39

what is ribosome?

Answer 39

site of protein synthesis

Question 40

what is ribosome made of?

Answer 40

rRNA bound with several dozen types of protein.

Question 41

what are the subunits of ribosomes?

Answer 41

large and small subunit.

Question 42

why is that cells are very differentiated?

Answer 42

genome is the same but proteome is different.

Question 43

What is RER?

Answer 43

studded with ribosomes.

Question 44

what determines protein destination?

Answer 44

signal sequences

Question 45

what are the functions of SER

Answer 45

1. chemically modifies small molecules
2. hydrolysis of glycogen
3. synthesis & modification of lipids & steroids.

Question 46

what are the functions of Golgi apparatus?

Answer 46

packaging, modifying and delivery of proteins.

Question 47

what are the parts of Golgi apparatus?

Answer 47

Trans (discharging/back face towards cell surface), medial and cis (front).

Question 48

what are secretory vesicles?

Answer 48

where the proteins are sent off from the Golgi apparatus.

Question 49

how do protein-containing vesicles get sent t the correct destination?

Answer 49

protein cargo binds receptor on membrane; incorporated into vesicles assisted by coat proteins; v-snares present.

Question 50

what does an animal cell have that plant cell doesn’t?

Answer 50

lysosome

Question 51

what are lysosomes?

Answer 51

for intracellular digestion formed by budding from endomembrane system.

Question 52

what is the action of lysosome?

Answer 52

releases acid hydrolases (hydrolytic enzymes) which break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbs.