Cell Organelles LQ2

Question 1

1. All cells made from other cells
2. Cells are the smallest living things
3. Organisms all made of cells

-Schwann: All animal tissue consists of cells

-Schleiden: All plants are made up of cells

Answer 1

Cell Theory

Question 2

-Nucleus-less plasma membrane containing cytoplasm with DNA and ribosomes, encased by cell wall made of peptidoglycan

-No membrane-bound organelles

-Can be bacteria or archaea, both single celled

Answer 2

Prokaryote

Question 3

-Both single celled & have cell walls
-Both lack nucleus & don’t go thru mitosis

-Archaea have different membrane lipid structure than bacteria, which give them better thermal stability

Answer 3

Archaea Vs. Bacteria

Question 4

-Long, threadlike structure protruding from surface of bacteria

-Consists of protein rings embedded in the plasma membrane, and a cell wall with long protein fibers extending from this

Answer 4

Bacterial Flagella

Question 5

-Compartmentalization achieved through combination of endomembrane system that weaves thru cell interior, and by cell organelles

Answer 5

Eukaryote

Question 6

-DNA in the nucleus encodes amino acid sequences of each protein in the cell

-Spherical shaped in center of cell

Answer 6

Nucleus

Question 7

-Surface of nucleus, which is bound by two phospholipid bilayer membranes

Answer 7

Nuclear Envelope

Question 8

-DNA divided into multiple linear chromosomes, organized with proteins into chromatin

Answer 8

Chromatin

Question 9

-Clusters of rRNA, manufactures ribosome subunits

Answer 9

Nucleolus

Question 10

-Protein synthesis / assembly

-Each ribosome composed of two subunits: rRNA & proteins

Answer 10

Ribosome

Question 11

-mRNA: carries coding information from DNA

-tRNA: carries amino acids

-rRNA: ribosomal subunits

Answer 11

Types of RNA

Question 12

-Composed of phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

-Space inside: cisternal space or lumen

-fluid component region exterior to it: cytosol

Answer 12

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 13

-Site of protein synthesis via ribosomes

-proteins will be sent to their location via golgi apparatus

-Newly made proteins can be modified to form glycoproteins

Answer 13

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 14

-Site of lipid + membrane synthesis

-Stores Ca2+

-Detoxification

Answer 14

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 15

-Protein collecting, packaging, delivering

-Individual stacks of membrane: cisternae

Answer 15

Golgi Apparatus

Question 16

-Digestive enzymes that degrade all 4 biomolecules

-enzymes break down old organelles and recycle them

Answer 16

Lysosome

Question 17

-Form storage for lipids for energy

-Secondary site for lipid synthesis

Answer 17

Lipid Droplets

Question 18

-Contains oxidative enzymes that break down fatty acids

-Contains O2 to break down lipids

-Produces hydrogen peroxide as by-product, which can be harmful but kept in check via catalyze enzymes in peroxisomes

Answer 18

Peroxisomes

Question 19

-Plant cells have membrane-bound vacuoles that are used for molecule storage and water balance

-Surrounding membrane maintains tonicity via tonoplast

Answer 19

Vacuole

Question 20

-Generate most cellular ATP

-Bound by two membranes: smooth outer membrane, and folded inner membrane with layers called cristae

Answer 20

Mitochondria

Question 21

-Plant cells use light to generate ATP and sugars via chloroplast

Answer 21

Chloroplast

Question 22

-Mitochondria & chloroplasts arose by endosymbiosis

-prokaryote engulfed by another cell: ancestor of modern eukaryotes

Answer 22

Endosymbiosis

Question 23

-cytoplasm is crisscrossed by a network of protein fibers that support shape and movement: _____

-anchors organelles to fixed locations

-made up of: actin filament, microtubules, intermediate filaments

Answer 23

cytoskeleton

Question 24

-Reorganization of microtubules during cell division

-Plant & fungi centrosomes lack centrioles but still contain microtubule-organizing centers

Answer 24

Centrosomes

Question 25

-Moves up and down -Outward projection of the cell's interior, containing cytoplasm and enclosed by plasma membrane

Answer 25

Eukaryotic Flagella

Question 26

-cells of plants / fungi have cell walls which protect and support the cells -chemically different from prokaryotic cell walls

Answer 26

Cell Walls

Question 27

-Animal cells secrete extracellular matrix, a protective layer over the cell's surface composed of collagen and elastin

Answer 27

ECM

Question 28

-Surface proteins give cells identity. -Glycolipids (most tissue-specific cell markers) and MHC proteins on cell surfaces help distinguish cells -In animals, gap junctions allow passage of small molecules between cells. -In plants, plasmodesmata penetrate the cell wall and connect cells

Answer 28

Cell-To-Cell Interactions

Question 29

1. Two proteins loosely twined together; involved in movements like contraction, crawling 2. facilitates movement of cell and materials within cell 3. very stable, usually not broken down

Answer 29

1. actin 2. microtubule 3. intermediate filaments