Cell organelles I and II Flashcards
polaritiy of the cells refers to to ___ of a cell
sideness of a cell
most cells are polarized meaning they have two sides an apical side or basolateral side
apical surface
faces the lumen (any opening like an intesitianal lume)
basolateral surface
important for cell adhesion and communication
types of polarized cells
epithelium neurons
types of non polarized cells
still undergoing development
plasma membrane has ____ long chain fatty acids and _____ glycerol backbone
hydrophobic
hydrophilic
how do cells communicatie and adhere to each other
intrecellular junctions
location of tight junctions
apical luminal surfaces
function of tight junctions
permeability (blood brain barrier)
structure of tight junction
PMs of neighboring cells appear pinched together at certain parts
location of anchoring junctions
basolateral borders
function of anchoring junctions
protects against mechanical stress, stretching , pulling
zonua adherens
actin
desomosomes aka macula adherens and their structure
intermediate filaments
thick structured. junctions spanning PMs of adjacent cells
birthplace of ribosomes
nucleolus
ribsosomes are transcribed and assemnled in the nucleolus but fully mature where
cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
double membrane strcuture formed by ER
inner nuclear membrane
contains proteins that can play well with the delicate internal nuclear environments containing chromatin and nuclear lamina
what is sometimes studded with ribosomes
outer nuclear membrane
T or F
ribosomes are very basophilic
T
which dye is often used to stain basophiliic organelles
hematoxylin
nissl bodies
a structure found in the cytoplasm of nerve cells that exhibit high metabolic activity and can be easily visualized due to hematoylin
ribosomes are great for TEM because they are
electron dense
inactive ribosome is not presently involved in _____
protein syntheiss , prefers to be alone in the cytoplasm
active ribosomes will arrange themselves into a circle or
polyribosomes around a thread of mRNA
ribosomes can be found near _____
Rough endoplasmic reticulum , (riobsomes make ER rough) or the nuclear membrane
mostly involved w proteins and carbs
rough er
granular
outermembrane of nuclear envelope
protein translocation
folding
rough er
arganular
smooth ER
location of smooth ER
hepatocytes
steroid secreting cells
muscle cells - the uptake and storage of Ca is essential for muscle contractions
protein modifications/ transport
r ER
higher order functions that has less to do with proteins
s ER
know how to recognize which is smooth vs rough on histological images
look at pics
UPR
unfolded protein response
cystic fibrosis and the ER clinical correlation
both ions and water stay within the cell which leads to thickened mucus on the epithelial lining surface
what are the three fates from the ER and golgi complex
bulk flow - lots. of stuff leaves in trasnsport vesciles which bud off the ER and makes it way to the Golgi
partitionning within the lipid bilayer- materials stay within the ER and are absorbed into its own lipid bilayer
signal mediated sorting - vesciles from the ER are coated by COPII proteins these vesciles are ferried to the cis side of the gogli complex
2 other coat proteins that are not from ER
COPI from golgi apparatus cis and intermediate sides vesciles are coated in copi proteins
clathrin
proteins that coat vesciles exportes from the trans golgi endosome and plasma membrane
golgi recieves and transports packages (vesicles)
what stabilizies golgi
mictrotublues
stabilizing structures made by centrosomes its why youll often find golgi near the nucleaus and centrosomes.
golgi sidenesness
materials are exported from the cis to trans golgi
what type of proteins coat vesicles coming from trans side
clathrin
functions of golgi
sort and prepare proteins recieved from rER (cis to trans side)
post translation modifications
produces lipids (in the ER too) and lysomes
assembly of polysaccharides
what are lysosomes
single layer membrane bound vesciles filled with hydrolytic enzymes
origin of lysosomes
golgi complex
function of lysosomes
consumes viruses bacteria pathogens
role in cell turnover
autolysis
life stages of lysosomes
primary - homogenous electron dense
secondary - larger, more heterogenous than primary lysosomes has consumed some cell material.
tertiary aka residual bodies - “trash chute” stage of our lysosomes non uniform appearance and filled with stuff its consumed throughout its lifetime
aka nerve or cardiac cells that dont turnover often
one of many lysosomal storage diseases
Tay sach’s
summarize tay sachs
wildtype lysosomes have an enzyme called hex A which specifically breaks down GM2 a ganglioside often found in nerve cells
- deficients amounts of Hex A leads to a build up of GM2 causing an abnormal increase in the SIZE of residual bodies
T or F
tay sachs causes brain damage blindness deafness
T
are residual bodies abundant in nerve cells
yes
hollow
unbranched
no membrane
cylindrical
polarity + and - end
variable dynamic length
microtubules
functions of microtubules
movement of flagella and cilia constantly shortening and elongating
cytokinesis (splitting of two daughter cells )
intracellular transport of organelles/vesicles via motor proteins kinesin toward + end, dynein toward - end
do micrtotubules have a important relationship with golgi apparatus
yes
location of microtubules
neurons platelets leukocytes and any dividing cell
whats the relationship between golgi apparatus and microtubules
microtubules hold the golgi apparatus in place
post office of cell
golgi apparatus
which direction are proteins typically sent through the golgi apparatus
cis to trans
actin filaments structure
flexible and thin rods that have no membrane
smallest of the cytoskelteal structures
know actin as a long chain structure
function of actin filaments
resist cell shape change
transmit forces between cells
participate in muscle cell contraction recall tje muscle cell sarcomere
cell locomotion
cytokinesis phagocytosis
thin filament =
thick filament =
actin,myosin
location of actin filaments
protrude in the center of microvilli
ie the intestinal cells facing the lumen
located throughout the cytoplasm of non muscle cells
intermediate filaments
resolving power of 0.2 um staining aids in light absorption in cells
hemotoxylin and eosin is a common stain
light microscope
resolving power 0.2-0.5 nm
illumination source is a beam of electrons
stained with heavy metals
transmission electron microscope
