cell organelles

Question 1

what are organelles?

Answer 1

specialized structures within the dll that work together to help the cell function

Question 2

describe cell (plasma) membrane and it’s duties

Answer 2

surrounds the outside of all cells and controls what goes in and out of the cell

made of the phospholipid bilayer

Question 3

what is a cytoskeleton?

Answer 3

made of proteins, threadlike fibers. it gives the cell shape and moves organelles around.

Question 4

what’s cytoplasm?

Answer 4

it’s a jelly like substance that holds everything in place in the cell, it is the solution for chemical reactions

Question 5

what is the nucleus?

Answer 5

it contains genetic material and protects the DNA that controls the cell’s activities

(it has a nuclear envelope with “pores” that control what go in and out)

Question 6

what is the nucleolus?

Answer 6

it makes rRNA, which make up ribosomes

Question 7

what are ribosomes?

Answer 7

they’re made of proteins and rRNA (rRNA is made by the nucleolus)
found on the Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm
most important because they make proteins!!

Question 8

what’s the Rough ER? (endoplasmic reticulum)

Answer 8

hugs the nucleus and has ribosomes on the surface, it makes proteins, then PACKAGES THEM for secretion, and sends in through VESICLES to the Golgi Apparatus

Question 9

what’s the Smooth ER? (endoplasmic reticulum)

Answer 9

it’s attached to the rough ER but it doesn’t have ribosomes on the surface (so, it’s smooth!) it makes LIPIDS and stores Ca+2

Question 10

what is the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 10

it’s a folded membranes that receives VESICLES of protein FROM the Rough ER
It processes, sorts and sends proteins where needed (like the post office of the cell!)

Question 11

what are lysosomes?

Answer 11

they contain enzymes that break down dead stuff and can do programmed cell death (basically the recycling bin of the cell)

Question 12

what are Vacoules?

Answer 12

they are used for storage in plant (large central one) and animal cells (small and numerous)

Question 13

what are Centrioles/centrosomes?

Answer 13

they appear during cell division and help the cell divide. made of microtubules

(2 centrioles together is a centrosome)

Question 14

what is the Cilia?

Answer 14

short and numerous that move fluid along the cell’s surface, like mini oars.

associated with the cytoskeleton

Question 15

what is the flagella?

Answer 15

long and few of them are on the cell, they move the entire cell through extra cellular fluid.

associated with cytoskeleton

Question 16

what is the mitochondria?

Answer 16

the powerhouse of the cell. it has an inner membrane and a matrix
it’s where cellular respiration happens

it breaks down chemical energy in food to release usable energy

Question 17

what is chloroplast?

Answer 17

it is where photosynthesis happens, (2 parts, grana and stroma)

converts light energy from sun to chemical energy in sugar

found only in plant cells

Question 18

what is a cell wall?

Answer 18

it is made of cellulose or chitin (fungi) or peptidoglycan (bacteria)

it protects and maintains the shape of the cell

found only in plant cells (.bacteria and fungi too)

Question 19

what is the central vacuole?

Answer 19

it’s one massive central structure, a storage center in plants.