Cell Organelle FUnctions Flashcards
Nuclear Pore
opening embedded with proteins that regulates passage into and out of the nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
system of internal membranes that aids in the manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids
ribosomes
small complexes of RNA and protein that are the sites of protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum
internal membranes studded with ribosomes that carry out protien synthesis
Golgi Complex
collects, packages, and distributes molecules in the cell
Lysosome
vesicle (storage compartment) that breaks down macromolecules and digests worn out cell components
Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrance
surround the cell and determines what goes in and out of cell
Has a lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded
Mitochondria
Organelle in which energy is extracted from food during oxidative metabolism, Breaks down glucose and makes ATP
Where cellular respiration takes place
cytoplasm
matrix to hold all cell parts
cytoskeleton
supports organelles and cell shape and plays a role in cell motion
Nucleus
command center of the cell
Nucleolus
site where ribosomes are produced\
Nuclear Envolope
double membrane between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
The cell membrane is composed of:
lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
What are the predominant lipids of the cell membrane
phospholipids and cholesterol
Fluid Mosaic Model
This model suggests that the cell membrane is neither rigid not static in structure but is highly flexible and can change its shape and composition through time
The fluid nature of the lipid bilayer enables____.
Membranes to fuse with one another
Prokaryotes and examples
a cell that does not have a true nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Examples are bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes and examples
organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Diffusion
the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to relatively low concentration
Osmosis
the net diffusion of water across a membrane
Active transport
the high energy bond in ATP to provide the energy needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane
Passive Transport
Movement of ions and molecules across the plasma membrane without energy expenditure by the cell
Active Process/ Transport
require that the cell expend energy usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
brings in specific particles using specific receptor sites on the membrane
3 types of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis and Receptor Mediated endocytosis
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Three sodium ions are pumped out of the cell while two potassium ions are moved into the cell
Exocytosis occurs where?
Golgi Apparatus
Exocytosis
a vesicle created on the inside the cell fuses with the cell membrane and discharges its contents into the extra cellular environment
Anabolisim
the energy requiring processes that allow for joining of small molecules to form larger molecules (building up)
Catabolism
the energy releasing processes by which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules (tearing down)
Metobolism
the sum of all chemical reaction that occur in the body
exchange pump
when an ion moves in one direction and another moves in opposite direction this carrier protein is called this
Phagocytosis
cell “eating”/ produces vesicles fuses with lysosomes where upon its contents are digested by lysosomal enzymes
pinocytosis
the formation of endosome filled with extracellular fluid and then deep groove or pocket forms off the cell membrane and then “pinches” off (Cell Drinking)
Phospholipid are the main component of what?
Cell membrane
Ion pumps
actively transport the cations sodium,potassium,calcium and magnesium across the cell membranes
Direction of amino acids in ion pump
Out
Direction of charged ions in ion pump
IN
Isotonic
If a solution does not cause an osmotic flow of water into or out of a cell
Filtration
hydrostatic pressure forcing water across a membrane and solute molecules may be transported with the water
hypertonic
cell losing water by osmosis causing it to shrivel
hypotonic
water will flow into cell causing it to swell up
Purpose of Cholesterol in cell membrane is
maintain membranes integrity and decreasing fluidity
tonicity
the effects of various osmotic solution on cells\
Osmolarity/Osmotic Concentration
the total solute concentration in aqueous solution
Interphase and Stage #
DNA is replicated cell prepares for mitosis Stage # 1
Prophase and Stage #
chromatin condenses making chromosomes visible Stage # 2
prometaphase and Stage #
Nuclear envelope breaks down Stage # 3
Metaphase and Stage #
the chromosomes become aligned at the equatorial plane Stage #4
Anaphase and Stage #
sister chromatids separate and resultant daughter chromosomes move towards poles Stage #5
Telophase and Stage Number
Daughter chromosomes reach the poles and form new nuclei Stage # 6
1st Cell Cycle Stages G1:
Growth
2nd Cell Cycle Stages S:
DNA Synthesis
3rd Cell Cycle Stage G2:
Growth and preparation for mitosis
4th Cell Cycle Stage M:
Mitosis (Cell Division)
Glucose +Oxygen–>
Carbon dioxide + water + energy
ADP + P–>
ATP
Anabolism end products
Biosynthesis of protiens lipids and polysaccharides
Catabolism end products
oxidation of glucose and fats
Reductive energy requiring
Anabolism
Oxidative energy yeailding
catabolism
in a Phospholipid bilayer the Head is?
Hydrophillic (water loving)
in a Phospholipid bilayer the tail is?
Hydrophobic (water hating)
Lipid fucntions
Insulate and protect, Regulate processes hormones
Compose plasma membranes,energy storage, secondary energy source
Cytosol
cellular fluid (mainly water) with dissolved protiens,salts, sugars, and other solutes
cytoplasm
cytosol and cellular membranes
ICF
Intracellular fluid/fluid inside cell
2/3 of what is in the bodys ICF?
H20
ECF
Extracellular fluid/ fluid outside the cell
3 types of ECF
Interstitial-fluid between/around cells
Intravascular-fluid in blood vessels
Transcellular-CSF,Synovial fluid etc
1/3 of bodys H20 is where?
ECF
Modern cell theory has two basic tenets:
All cells only come from other cells (the principle of biogenesis).
Cells are the fundamental units of organisms.
