Cell Morphology Flashcards
What is programmed necrosis?
Caspase independent cell death
Includes necroptosis pathway
Cellular constituents are leaked (unlike apoptosis)
Get cell rupture (osmotic swelling, energetic catastrophe, lysosomal membranes permeabilise)
How is programmed necrosis triggered?
Inflammasome, LPS-mediated (ROS), necrosome
NAD^+ and ATP depletion, calcium overload, many ROS, action of phospholipases
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Necrosis:
Swelling of cell and organelles as opposed to shrinking
Chromosomes don’t decondense
Doesn’t require executioner caspases
Needs RIP3 and MLKL (dispensable in apoptosis)
Plasma membrane rupture as opposed to blebbing
Inflammation and tissue damage
What is the effect of deleting FADD or pro-caspase 8 on cell survival?
RIPK3 is induced, forming complex IIb (the necrosome). This causes phosphorylation of MLKL (by RIPK3). MLKL oligomerises and translocates to the plasma membrane where it disrupts its integrity, leading to necroptotic cell death.
What do cIAPs do?
They are negative caspase regulators in TNF signalling
Have an additional role as a ubiquitin ligase.
Conjugates RIPK1 with ubiquitin chains including K63 linked chains. This allows the recruitment of several other molecules, leading to the release of NFkB inhibition. Survival genes are then expressed.
If cIAP is deactivated, get formation of complex IIa, leading to apoptosis
If RIPK1 is unregulated (regulated by FADD) get necroptosis
What is the ripoptososme?
RIPK1 and RIPK3 and FADD and caspase 8. Forms when there is no cIAP activity
Leads to either apoptosis or necroptosis dependent on the component composition
What is the effect of caspase 8 on necroptosis?
Suppresses necroptosis - deletions in caspase 8 are lethal (also need deletion in RIPK3/ RIPK1 + FADD to survive)
Caspase 8 and FLIP cleave RIPK1
What is the effect of RIPK1 knock out?
RIPK1 is a kinase and a scaffold protein
Deletion is lethal
Inserting an inactive kinase is ok - shows that scaffold function is necessary, not kinase function.
Can rescue with a FADD and RIPK3 knock out
What is the effect of FADD knock out?
Is lethal. Can reverse by also knocking out RIPK3.
What is the function and structure of MLKL?
Oligomerises to disrupt the plasma membrane
Oligomerises through N terminal 4 helix bundle (this then causes translocation to the membrane)
Oligomerisation is induced by RIPK3 phosphorylation, releasing auto inhibition
2 coiled coil domains. CC2 is for oligomerisation and CC1 is for recruitment to membrane
How does MLKL disrupt the membrane?
Not completely clear.
Could bind ion channels leading to calcium influx
Could regulate sodium channels to increase osmotic pressure
Could bind membrane lipids by positively charged amino acids, forming pores
What is the role of ESCRT in necroptosis?
Mediates plasma membrane shedding
What are the functions of MLKL?
Disrupts plasma membrane integrity AND many other things (some below)
Homeostatic level for vesicle trafficking
Rapid calcium influx when activated
Removal of MLKL by ESCRT-III allows production of many cytokines and chemokine
Release of inflammasome products
What does the RHIM domain on RIPK1 and RIPK3 do?
Association of RIPK1 and RIPK3 through RHIM-RHIM domain interactions upon induction of necroptotic pathway by death receptors. Leads to phosphorylation of RIPK3 and phosphorylation of MLKL.
What is the outcome of TNF signalling?
Normally, get complex I (at membrane) formation, leading to the activation of NFkB and other signalling
Can get formation of complex IIa, leading to apoptosis
If lack of IAPs, get complex IIb formation (ripoptosome like), leading to apoptosis via caspase 8, RIPK1 and RIPK3 platform. If caspase 8 is inhibited, get necroptosis.
What is the outcome of Fas or TRAILR signalling?
Get DISC complex triggering caspase 8 mediated apoptosis, independent of RIPK1
If lack of IAP, get RIPK1 recruitment to make the ripoptosome for apoptosis or necroptosis
What is the outcome of TLR signalling?
Formation of the necrosome through RHIM adaptor TRIF, resulting in RIPK3 dependent necroptosis.
What is the outcome of viral DNA detection?
DAI recognises dsDNA and recruits RIPK3 through its RHIM domain and induces necrosome formation without RIPK1. Get necroptosis.
What are the outcomes of JAK/STAT activation?
IFNa/b induce transcription of RIPK1, thus inducing formation of the necrosome.
What is the scaffolding function of RIPK1 in vivo?
In intestinal epithelium, knock out of RIPK1 causes apoptosis and loss of many cell types. Suggests RIPK1 has a role in inhibiting apoptosis. TNFR1 pathways seem to be the main cause.
How is necroptosis inflammatory?
When the epithelial barrier is damaged (e.g. due to epithelial cell death), get disruption of the barrier. Allows microbes to invade the tissue. Recognition of PAMPs induces expression of cytokines and chemokine that result in inflammation. Some of the immune cell cytokines could further trigger cell death of epithelial cells leading to chronic inflammation.
DAMP release by necroptotic cells strongly triggers inflammation (compared to apoptosis)
How do RIPK1 and RIPK3 regulate cytokine production?
Phosphorylation of RIPK3 can lead to inflammatory cytokine production
The NLRP3 inflammasome, formed due to phosphorylation of RIPK3 activates caspase 1 which makes mature IL-1B
Caspase can cleave RIPK1 to inhibit activation of IRF3 by RIG-I
What are the pro and anti-cell death functions of RIPK1?
Absence of RIPK1 can trigger cell death by decreasing expression of anti-apoptotic genes/enhancing complex II or necrosome formation.
RIPK1 absence/inactivation of kinase activity can also prevent necroptotic cell death
What are the pro and anti-cell death functions of RIPK3?
Is a death inducing protein
But there is evidence that it inhibits apoptosis.
Kinase dead RIPK3 causes increase in apoptosis, dependent on RIPK1 and caspase 8.
