Cell Metabolism

Question 1

What are the 6 types of metabolic reactions?

Answer 1

redox, ligation requiring ATP cleavage, isomerization, group transfer, hydrolization, addition/removal of functional groups

Question 2

How do redox reactions occur?

Answer 2

electron transfer (OIL RIG)

Question 3

What are ligation reactions?

Answer 3

reactions requiring ATP cleavage (ADP + Pi) to form covalent bonds to combine small molecules together to form a larger one

Question 4

What are isomerization reactions?

Answer 4

compound transformed to an isomeric form

Question 5

What are group transfer reactions?

Answer 5

moving of a functional group to another molecule

Question 6

What are hydrolytic reactions?

Answer 6

breaking bonds with water

Question 7

How do you add/remove functional groups?

Answer 7

change a double bond into a single bond by adding a functional group or making a single bond into a double one by removing a functional group

Question 8

Where does glycolosis occur?

Answer 8

cytosol

Question 9

What is the overall reaction for glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

Answer 9

1 x 6C -> 2 x 3C + 2 x ATP

1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP

Question 10

What are the 6 steps during Part A of glycolysis; formation of a high energy compound using ATP?

Answer 10

(comitting glucose into the next reactions = irreversible)

1. group transfer = make glucose-6-phosphate from glucose (PO3- goes on C6) using hexokinase with ATP

(preparing the molecule to split symmetrically into 2)

2. isomerization = fructose-6-phosphate made from G6P by phosphoglucose isomerase
3. group transfer = fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate (aldose) made using phosphofructokinase with ATP

(splitting molecule to form G3P)

4. hydrolysis = splitting aldose using aldolase to make 1 glyceraldehyde 2 phosphate and 1 dihydroxyacetone phosphate
5. isomerisation = forming another glyceraldehyde 2 phosophate from the 1 dihydroxyacetone phosphate (kretone) molecule using TPI (triose phosphate isomerase)

Question 11

Which enzyme used in Part A of glycolysis is regulated to control glycolysis levels and what kind of feedback is used?

Answer 11

Phosphofructokinase - negative feedback loop

Question 12

What are the overall inputs and outputs of a glycolysis?

Answer 12

input: - 2 ATP, - 1 glucose
output: + 2 G3P

Question 13

What is the only glycolytic enzymopathy?

Answer 13

TPI (triose phosphate isomerase) deficiency with which someone can survive up to 6 years and high fatality rate

• genetic
• hemolytic anemia (causes excess iron and billirubin = jaundice)
• impairment of motor neurons = dystonia, hypotonia, and atrophy (incl. heart and diaphragm muscles)
• susceptible to infections (impaired WBCs, most commonly respiratory tract infections)