cell metabolism

Question 1

phosphodiester bonds

Answer 1

covalent, high energy, energy is stored

connect P groups in ATP

Question 2

catabolism

Answer 2

breaking down of molecules;
produces ATP (useable energy)

Question 3

anabolism

Answer 3

build up of reactions

Question 4

electron carriers

Answer 4

used in oxidation-reduction reactions;

ability to carry an extra pair of e- & pick up 2H+

Question 5

reduced

Answer 5

e- carrier IS CARRYING extra 2 e- (e- are neg, overall charge is red)

Question 6

oxidized

Answer 6

e- carrier is NOT CARRYING extra 2 e-

Question 7

proton gradients

Answer 7

transport molecules across membranes & produce ATP

Question 8

electrochemical gradient

Answer 8

((proton gradient))
forms when a [high] of H+ is trapped b/w 2 membranes;
gradient of charge & concentration is a form of potential energy;
when H+ are allowed to escape from [] locat, energy is releasedd

Question 9

glycolysis

Answer 9

cytoplasm;
NOT require O2; substrate level phosphorylation
each reaction controlled by a different enzyme;
products are: 2 pyruvate, 2 net ATP, 2 NADH+H+

Question 10

doorway reaction

Answer 10

pyruvic acid MUST be converted to acetyl CoA

removal of 1 CO2, transfer e- to NAD, + of Coenzyme A

Question 11

Krebs Cycle

Answer 11

can be used for energy ONLY when ETC is functioning;
requires O2;
products: 2 CO2, 3 NADH+H+, FADH2, GTP

Question 12

ETC

Answer 12

uses energy of e- carriers to create a H+ gradient;
occurs in cell membrane;
H+ are transported across membrane into periplasmic space;
O2 final e- acceptor

Question 13

ATPase

Answer 13

channel through which the protons pass as they cross the membrane

Question 14

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 14

process in which the energy of e- is captured in high-energy bonds as phosphate groups combine with ADP to form ATP

Question 15

carriers of usable forms of energy

Answer 15

1- nucleotides
2- electron carriers
3- proton gradient