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Lily PoM MBC > Cell Metabolism 1 > Flashcards

Cell Metabolism 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is delta G for ATP —> ADP + Pi ?

A

-31 kJ/mol

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2
Q

What are the three main stages of cellular metabolism?

A

Glycolysis TCA/Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q

Give a brief overview of Glycolysis

A

Oxidation of glucose in the cytosol of cells. Generates ATP and NADH

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4
Q

Give a brief overview of the TCA cycle

A

Further oxidation of small molecules. Takes place in the mitochondria. Generates ATP, NADH and FADH2 and waste products (CO2)

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5
Q

Give a brief overview of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Generation of ATP within the mitochondria by the reduction of oxygen to water

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6
Q

What is the efficiency of the whole process?

A

41% DG of combustion of glucose = -2827 kJ/mol DG of ATP synthesis = -31 38 units of ATP 38 x -31 = -1178 (1178/2827) x 100 = 41%

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7
Q

What are the six types of reaction that define metabolism and what do they do?

A

Redox- electron transfer Ligation requiring ATP cleavage- formation of covalent bonds Isomerisation- rearrangement of atoms to form isomers Group transfer- transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another Hydrolytic - cleavage using water Addition/removal of functional groups- across a double bond

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8
Q

What would be the overall equation for glycolysis?

A

1 6C molecule —> 2 3C molecules Glucose —> 2 pyruvate (and net gain of 2 ATP)

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9
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm. It is an essentially anaerobic process

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10
Q

How many steps are involved in glycolysis? And what is fundamentally involved in each part?

A

10 steps Part 1 - investment of ATP Part 2 - produces ATP

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11
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis?

A

Glucose —> glucose-6-phosphate + H+ Using hexokinase and ATP—>ADP + Pi This traps glucose inside the cell because G6P has a negative charge Essentially irreversible

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12
Q

Step 2 of glycolysis?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate —> fructose-6-phosphate Using phosphoglucose isomerase As fructose can be split into equal halves later

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13
Q

Step 3 of glycolysis?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate —> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Using phosphofructokinase and ATP—>ADP

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14
Q

Step 4 of glycolysis?

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate —> glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate Using aldolase Forms two high energy compounds as they both have a phosphate group attached

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15
Q

Step 5 of glycolysis?

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate —> glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Using triose phosphate isomerase TPI deficiency can be fatal in the first 6 years of life

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16
Q

Step 6 of glycolysis?

A

2x glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate —> 2x 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate Using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase And Pi And 2 NAD+ —> 2 NADH The NADH produced is later used in oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

Step 7 of glycolysis?

A

2x 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate —> 2x 3-phosphoglycerate Using phosphoglycerate kinase And 2 ADP —> 2 ATP

18
Q

Step 8 of glycolysis?

A

2x 3-phosphoglycerate —> 2x 2-phosphoclycerate Using phosphoglycerate mutase

19
Q

Step 9 of glycolysis?

A

2x 2-phosphoglycerate —> 2x Phosphoenolpyruvate + 2 H2O Using Enolase

20
Q

Step 10 of glycolysis?

A

2x phosphoenolpyruvate —> 2x pyruvate Using pyruvate And 2 ADP —> 2 ATP

21
Q

What is the net result of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH Glucose + 2 ATP —> 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH

22
Q

What are the three dates of pyruvate?

A

1) alcoholic fermentation 2)generation of lactate 3)Acetly CoA generation

23
Q

What are the two steps in alcoholic fermentation?

A

Pyruvate —> acetaldehyde + CO2 Using pyruvate decarboxylase And H+ Acetaldehyde —> ethanol Using alcohol dehydrogenase And NADH + H+ —> NAD+ Happens under anaerobic conditions in yeasts

24
Q

What are the steps in the generation of lactate?

A

Puruvate —> lactate Using lactate dehydrogenase And NADH + H+ —> NAD+ Reversible Anaerobic

25
Q

What step is involved in the generation of acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvate + HS-CoA—> acetyl CoA +CO2 Using pyruvate dehydrogenase complex And NAD+ —> NADH Occurs in the mitochondria Therefore the acetyl CoA is committed to the TCA cycle

26
Q

What is the main purpose formation of lactate and alcoholic fermentation serve?

A

The regeneration of NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue in anaerobic conditions

27
Q

How is creative phosphate used as a buffer?

A

Creatine phosphate —> creatine Buttttt ADP + H+ —> ATP In muscle the amount of ATP can only sustain contraction for about 1 second But there is a large reservoir of crea to e phosphate to buffer demands for phosphate It may be used as a supplement in athletes diets

28
Q

Why is acetyl CoA useful?

A

There is a thioester bond (between soulful and carbon) thas is very high energy, so readily hydrolysed. This allows acetyl CoA to donate the acetate (2C) to other molecules

29
Q

Learn what the kerbs cycle /TCA cycle looks like

A

!!!

30
Q

What are the net products of the TCA cycle?

A

1 turn produces: 2 CO2 3 NADH 1 GTP (like ATP) 1 FADH2

31
Q

Why does the TCA cycle only take place in aerobic conditions?

A

Most ATP is generated when the reduced coenzymes are reoxidised with the help of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

32
Q

How do amino acids enter the TCA cycle

A

They are degraded to remove the amino group, which is eventually excreted as urea. And the carbon chain is inserted into the Krebs cycle Look at slide

33
Q

What does protein metabolism involve (in terms of so it can enter the Krebs cycle)

A

Transamination reactions Alanine + a-ketoglutarate —> Pyruvate + glutamate See slide

34
Q

Why is NADH transportation a problem?

A

NADH produced in glycolysis must enter the mitochondria so it can be used in oxidative phosphorylation and regenerate NAD+ Finite NAD+, w/o it glycolysis stops

35
Q

How do the high energy electrons from NADH cross into the matrix?

A

The glycerol phosphate shuttle Skeletal muscle, brain The Malate-aspartate shuttle Liver, kidneys and heart

36
Q

How does the glycerol phosphate shuttle work?

A

Cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers electrons from NADH to DHAP to generate glycerol-3-phosphate A membrane bound form of the same enzyme transfers the electrons to FAD, these then get passed to coenzyme Q, part of the electron transport chain

37
Q

How does the malate-aspartate shuttle work?

A

Honestly idk look at the slide

38
Q

How many molecules of ATP are formed from the re oxidation of NADH?

A

3

39
Q

How many molecules of ATP are formed from the re oxidation of FADH2?

A

2

40
Q

What is the difference between substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Substrate level involves the direct transfer of a high energy phosphate group to ADP Eg 1,3-bisohosphoglycerate —> 3-phosphoglycerate and ADP —> ATP Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the ETC

Lily PoM MBC (15 decks)

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