Cell Mediators of Inflammation (complete)

Question 1

Name examples of etiologic process that might incite an inflammatory response

Answer 1

1) infections
2) pathogens
3) trauma
4) compromised blood flow

Question 2

Discuss the role that inflammatory mediators play in cell-cell communication

Answer 2

1) recruit help
2) vasodilation, ^ blood flow
3) ^ permeability
4) recognition
5) clear/remove offending material
6) collateral damage
7) repair

Question 3

What does pre-formed mean?

Answer 3

Stored in secretory vesicles

Question 4

Describe histamine (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 4

C/N: Vasoactive amine, pre-formed

PS: mast cells, basophils, platelets

A: vasodilation, vascular permeability, constrict bronchial SM

Question 5

Describe serotonin (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 5

C/N: vasoactive amine, pre-formed

PS: platelets

A: vascular permeability

Question 6

Describe prostaglandins (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 6

C/N: eicosanoid (lipid)

PS: mast cells, basos, platelets, macros, lymphocytes, PMNs, endo cells

A: vasodilation, platelet aggr., fever, pain

Question 7

Describe leukotrienes (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 7

C/N: eicosanoid (lipid)

PS: mast cells, macros, lymphs, PMNs,

A: vasc. permeability, WBC chemotaxia

Question 8

Describe thromboxanes (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 8

C/N: eicosanoid (lipid)

PS: platelets

A: vasocontriction, platelet aggre.

Question 9

Describe platelet activating factor (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 9

C/N: phospholipid

PS: mast cells, platelets, macros, PMNs, endo cells

A: vasodilation at [low], vasoconstrict, vasc permeability at [low], WBC chemotaxia, platelet aggr., bronchial constrict

Question 10

Describe ROSs (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 10

C/N: O2 based

PS: Macros, lymphs, PMNs

A: tissue/microbe damage

Question 11

Describe NO (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 11

C/N: oxygen/nitrogen based

PS: macros, endo cells

A: vasodilation, vasc permeability, bronchial relaxation, tissue/microbe damage (iNOS)

Question 12

Describe tumor necrosis factor – TNF (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 12

C/N: cytokine

PS: mast cell, basos, macros, lymphs

A: WBC chemotaxia, fever, stimulates clotting

Question 13

Describe interleukins (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 13

C/N: cytokine

PS: macros, endo cells

A: WBC chemotaxia, fever

Question 14

Describe interferons (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 14

C/N: cytokine

PS: n/a

A: n/a

Question 15

Describe chemokines (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 15

C/N: cytokine

PS: mast cells, basos, macros, lymphs, endo cells

A: n/a

Question 16

Describe cytoplasmic granule content (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 16

C/N: enzymes, pre-formed

PS: macros, PMNs

A: WBC chemotaxia, tissue/microbe damage

Question 17

Describe substance P (class/nature, primary source, actions)

Answer 17

C/N: neuro-peptide

PS: nerve fibers

A: vasc permeability, pain

Question 18

Describe C3a, C5a (class, primary source, actions)

Answer 18

C: complement cascade

PS: liver

A: vasodilation, mast cell stimulation, vasc permeability, WBC chemotaxia, tissue/microbe damage

C5a —> think analphylaxis

Question 19

Describe bradykinin (class, primary source, actions)

Answer 19

C: kinins

PS: liver

A: vasodilation, vasc permeability, SM constriction, pain

Question 20

Describe thrombin (class, primary source, actions)

Answer 20

C: coag. cascade

PS: liver

A: WBC chemotaxia,

Question 21

Describe plasmin (class, primary source, actions)

Answer 21

C: coag cascade

PS: liver

A: vasodilation

Question 22

What are the key mediators for blood vessel changes (vasodilation, vascular permeability)?

Answer 22

1) prostaglandins
2) NO
3) histamine
4) serotonin
5) C3a and C5a
6) bradykinin
7) leukotrienes
8) PAF
9) substance P

Question 23

What are the key mediators for WBC changes (chemotaxis)?

Answer 23

1) TNF
2) chemokines
3) C3a, C5a
4) leukotriene

Question 24

What are the key mediators for microbial effect and tissue damage (collateral damage)?

Answer 24

1) ROS
2) NO
3) Lysosomal enzymes

Question 25

What are the key mediators for pain?

Answer 25

1) prostaglandins
2) bradykinin
3) substance P

Question 26

What are the key mediators for fever?

Answer 26

1) IL-1, TNF

2) prostaglandins

Question 27

Describe the activation of Factor XII by exposure to collagen/basement membrane in setting of increased vascular permeability

Answer 27

Factor XII is activated to XIIa

Leads to 1 of 3 pathways:

1) Coagulation pathway
2) Fibrinolysis pathway
3) Kallikrein pathway

Question 28

Describe the activation of thrombin (coagulation pathway)

Answer 28

• Factor XIIa activates clotting cascade —» activates thrombin
• Thrombin (a protease) concerts fribrinogen to fibrin —» clot formation - Thrombin binds to platelets, endo cells, SM receptors — PROTEASE-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS

Promotes formation of…

1) prostaglandins
2) cytokines
3) platelet activating factor
4) NO

Question 29

Describe the activation of plasmin (fibrinolysis pathway)

Answer 29

• Plasmin formed from plasminogen
• Cleaves fibrin to form fibrin degradation products
• INCREASE vascular permeability
• Activates C3 to C3a

Think Anaphylatoxin for C3a

Question 30

Describe the activation of the Kallikrein/Kinin system

Answer 30

• Formation of Factor XIIa causes pre-kallikrein to be converted to kallikrein protease
• Kallikrein activates high MW kininogen (HMWK) to bradykinin
• Bradykinin activates C5 to C5a

Think Anaphylatoxin for C5a