Cell Injury- Hypoxia

Question 1

Hypoxia?

Answer 1

Inadequate oxygenation of tissue

Question 2

Why do we need oxygen

Answer 2

To produce ATP through the Oxidiated Phosphorilation pathway in the inner mitocondrial membrane

Question 3

What is the Oxygen formula

Answer 3

Hb x SpO2 + Partial Pressure of Arterial O2

Question 4

What is O2 Saturation

Answer 4

O2 in the blood cell attached to the Heme group

Iron has to be +2

Question 5

Partial Pressure of O2

Answer 5

O2 disolved in Plasma

Question 6

How does O2 enters the body

Answer 6

Flows from the alveoli, enters the interface, dissolves in the plasma (increasing the partial pressure of O2) , diffuses into the red blood cell and attach into the Heme group (O2 saturation)

Question 7

What happens to the Spo2 if PPO2 decrease?

Answer 7

SpO2 decrease because it gets its O2 from the plasma

Question 8

Ischemia?

Answer 8

Inadequate arterial blood flow

Question 9

Most common cause of ischemia

Answer 9

Thrombus in a muscular artery (Myocardial infarction)

Question 10

What is the difference between hypoxia and Hypoxemia?

Answer 10

hypoxia is the big, general term. Hypoxemia is the decrease in the partial pressure of the arterial O2 (dissolved in plasma)

Question 11

Other causes of Ischemia

Answer 11

Aside of a thrombus, decrease of the cardiac output (anemia, Hemorrhage, cardiogenic shock) can also produce ischemia by decreased hemoglobine.

Question 12

Blood Gases gradient

Answer 12

CO2, O2 and Nitrogen partial pressure at ambient must equal 760. Nitrogen remains constant and CO2 and O2 have an inverse relationship, so if one goes up, the other goes down cause it most equal 760 at all times.

Question 13

What does CO2 retention cause?

Answer 13

Respiratory acidosis

Question 14

Examples of Ventilation Defects (causes respiratory acidosis)

Answer 14

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Loss of Ventilation to the alveoli but we still have perfusion is an intrapulmonary shunt.
If given O2 for more than 20 min PO2 will not increase

Question 15

Examples of perfusion defects

Answer 15

Pulmonary Embolism
Produce increase in dead space
100 % O2 will increase O2

Question 16

Examples of diffusion defects

Answer 16

Something in interstitium preventing the O2 from passing through
Pulmonary fibrosis (Sarcoidosis)
Pulmonary edema
Heart failure (fluid activates the J receptor and produces dyspnea)