CELL INJURY & CELL DEATH Flashcards
DEGENERATION
CHANGES WHICH OCCUR IN THE CELLS AS A RESULT OF REVERSIBLE CELL INJURY (CELL SICKNESS)
NECROSIS
DEATH OF A PORTION OF TISSUE AFFECTED BY LOCAL INJURY
APOPTOSIS
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (REGULATED)
AUTOLYSIS
THE PROCESS OF DESTRUCTION OF TISSUES BY ENDOGENOUS ENZYMES (AFTER REMOVAL OF TISSUES FROM THE BODY OR DEATH)
CAUSES OF CELL INJURY (8)
- HYPOXIA
- CHEMICALS
- IMMUNOLOGIC
- INFECTIONS
- GENETICS
- AGEING
- PHYSICALS
- NUTRIENTS-GLUCOSE REDUCTION
BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM OF CELL INJURY
- REDUCED ATP
- MITOCHONDRIA INJURY AND DYSFUNCTION
- INFLUX OF CA2+
- ACCUMULATION OF FREE RADICALS
- DEFECTS IN CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY
- DAMAGE TO DNA AND PROTEIN
WHAT HAPPEN WHEN THERE IS REDUCTION OF ATP?
- LOSS OF ENERGY DEPENDENT CELLULAR F(x)
WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THE MEMBRANE DAMAGE?
- IF THE MEMBRANE OF THE MITOCHONDRIA IS DAMAGED -> REDUCTION OF ATP -> LOSS OF ENERGY DEPENDENT CELLULAR FUNCTION -> CELL DEATH
- LYSOSOME MEMBRANE DAMAGE -> ENZYMATIC DIGESTION OF CELLULAR COMPONENTS
- PLASMA MEMBRANE DAMAGE -> LOSS OF CELLULAR CONTENTS
WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THE INTRACELLULAR CA2+ IS TOO HIGH AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIIES IS RELEASED?
PROTEIN BREAKDOWN -> DNA DAMAGE
STATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NECROSIS.
NECROSIS
- CELL SIZE: LARGE (SWELLING)
- NUCLEUS: PYKNOSIS - KRYOLYSIS AND KARYORRHEXIS
- PLASMA MEMBRANE: NOT INTACT (RUPTURED)
- CELLULAR CONTENTS: ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION, CELLULAR CONTENT LEAK
- INFLAMMATION: YES
- PATHOLOGIC VS PHYSIOLOGIC: PATHOLOGIC
STATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF APOPOTOSIS.
APOPTOSIS:
- CELL SIZE: SHRINK (SMALLLER)
- NUCLEUS: FRAGMENTATION INTO NUCLEOSOME
- PLASMA MEMBRANE: INTACT
- CELULLAR CONTENT: INTACT, DEVELOP INTO APOPTOTIC BODIES
- INFLAMMATION: NO INFLAMMATION
- PATHOLOGICAL VS PHYSIOLOGICAL: PHYSIOLOGICAL
TRUE/FALSE
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NECROSIS AND APOPTOSIS:
A. THE CELL SIZE IS LARGER IN APOPTOSIS
B. NUCLEOSOME FRAGMENTS ARE FORMED IN NECROSIS
C. APOPTOSIS IS OFTEN PATHOLOGIC
D. PLASMA MEMBRANE IS DISRUPTED IN APOPTOSIS
A. FALSE (THE CELL SIZE IS SMALLER IN APOPTOSIS)
B. FALSE (NUCLEOSOME FRAGMENTS ARE FORMED IN APOPTOSIS)
C. FALSE (APOPTOSIS IS OFTEN PHYSIOLOGIC)
D. FALSE (PLASMA MEMBRANE IS INTACT IN APOPTOSIS)
STATE THE TYPE OF NECROSIS.
- COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
- LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS (COLLIQUATIVE NECROSIS)
- GANGRENOUS NECROSIS
- CASEOUS NECROSIS
- FIBRINOID NECROSIS
- GUMMATOUS NECROSIS
- HAEMORRHAGIC NECROSIS
- FAT NECROSIS
WHAT IS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF COAGULATIVE NECROSIS?
GROSS
- PALE
- FIRM
- WEDGE SHAPED
HISTOLOGY
- TISSUE ARCHITECTURE AND CELL OUTLINE IS MAINTAINED
- AFFECTED CELLS HAVE FEW LYSOSOMES TO BRING ABOUT COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF CELLS
- MOST COMMON CAUSE: ARTERIAL SUPPLY OCCLUSION
WHAT IS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS?
GROSS
- DISSOLUTION OF TISSUES BY HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES
- OCCUR IN THE BRAIN AND LUNGS
HISTOLOGY
- HUGE LYSOSOMAL CONTENT OF THE NEURONS AND LACK OF EXTRACELLULAR STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
- RAPID LOSS OF TISSUE ARCHITECTURE
WHERE DOES CASEOUS NECROSIS ALWAYS OCCUR AND STATE 1 OF ITS GROSS MORPHOLOGY.
IT ALWAYS OCCUR IN PATIENT WITH MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTION (TUBERCULOSIS) AND ONE OF ITS GROSS MORPHOLOGY IS CHEESE LIKE APPEARANCE TISSUE.
STATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FAT NECROSIS AND GUMMATOUS NECROSIS.
FAT NECROSIS:
- DEATH OF FAT CELLS
- D/T TRAUMA OF EXPOSED FATTY AREA
- OR RELEASE OF FAT SPLITTING ENZYME (LIPASE) NEAR AREAS OF FAT DEPOSITS
GUMMATOUS NECROSIS:
- NECROSIS D/T TREPONEMA PALLIDUM INFECTION
- TERTIARY SYPHILIS
- BEFORE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS
WHAT IS THE POSSIBLE LOCATION OF HAEMORRHAGIC NECROSIS TO OCCUR?
IN THE VEIN DUE TO OBSTRUCTION
PEOPLE WITH MALIGNANT HPT ALWAYS A/W ___ NECROSIS.
FIBRINOID NECROSIS
WHAT IS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GANGRENOUS NECROSIS?
- DEATH OF TISSUE
- USUALLY IN CONSIDERABLE MASS AND GENERALLY A/W LOSS OF VASCULAE SUPPLY AND FOLLOWED BY BACTERIAL INVASION AND PUTREFACTION
STATE THE EFFECTS OF CELL DEATH.
- LEAKAGE OF INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS
- CAN BE MEASURED
- TO DETECT CELL DEATH
- TROPONIN (IN DEATH OF MYOCARDIUM)
- AST (DEATH OF LIVER CELL)
TRUE/FALSE
The difference between necrosis and apoptosis include:
A. The cell size is larger in apoptosis
B. Nucleosome fragments are formed in necrosis
C. Apoptosis is often pathologic
D. Plasma membrane is disrupted in apoptosis
E. Cellular contents are intact in apoptosis
A. FALSE (CELL SIZE IS LARGER IN NECROSIS)
B. FALSE (NUCLEOSOME FRAGMENTS ARE FORMED IN APOPTOSIS)
C. FALSE (APOPTOSIS IS OFTEN PHYSIOLOGIC)
D. FALSE (PLASMA MEMBRANE IS DISRUPTED IN NECROSIS)
E. TRUE
