cell injury c:

Question 1

types of adaptation

Answer 1

1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia

Question 2

mechanism of atrophy?

Answer 2

Altered balance between protein synthesis & degradation within cells
↓cell anabolism or ↑ cell catabolism → ↓ cell organelles

Question 3

examples of localized physiological atrophy?

Answer 3

-thymus after puberty
-breast and ovaries after MENOPAUSE and not OVARIECTOMY which is hormonal atrophy

Question 4

poliomyelitis?

Answer 4

neurogenic atrophy that leads to muscle atrophy
(polio V destroys motor neurons)

Question 5

pressure atrophy?

Answer 5

Atrophy of vertebrae due to pressure by aortic aneurysm (تضخم)

Question 6

Vascular atrophy example

Answer 6

Renal atrophy due to
atherosclerosis of renal artery

Question 7

example on hormonal atrophy?

Answer 7

breast and ovaries AFTER OVARIECTOMY NOT MENOPAUSE

Question 8

atrophic oral mucosa?

Answer 8

hot, irritant food, smoking and on top of some mucosal lesions

Question 9

example on adaptive hypertrophy?

Answer 9

inc stress on hollow intralumenar organs <:
-heart.. left ventricular hypertrophy on top of hyper tension
-urninary bladder neck obstruction
-hypertrophy of stomach causes pyloric stenosis (انغلاق ال sphincter)
-intestine on top of intestinal obstruction

Question 10

cause of adaptive hypertrophy?

Answer 10

↑ Intraluminal pressure in a hollow organ

Question 11

compensatory hypertrophy

Answer 11

when a kidney is removed

Question 12

what is compensatory hyperplasia?

Answer 12

type of PHYSIOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA
-ex on compensatory hyperplasia : liver after partial removal . BM after hemorrhage
while examples on compensatory hypertrophy: ex:kidney after removal of one of them

Question 13

example on compensatory hyperplasia>

Answer 13

liver cell hyperplasia after partial hepactomy
BM after hemorrhage

Question 14

hormonal hyperplasia can be both pathological and physiological. explain

Answer 14

-pathological hyperplasia via Endometrial hyperplasia:
Excessive estrogenic stimulation due to repeated anovulatory cycles

-physiological hyperplasia via Hormonal hyperplasia:
1. Breast and genitalia at puberty
2. Proliferative endometrium after menstruation due to
estrogen stimulation

Question 15

hi

hi

Answer 15

no

Question 16

examples on hormonal hyperplasia PATHOLOGIC

Answer 16

-endomentrial hyperplasia due to repeated anovulatory cycles
-hyperplasia of thyroid epithelium in thyrotoxicosis
-benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 17

examples on irritation induced hyperplasia

Answer 17

• Antigenic stimulation → hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue.
• Chronic irritation, infection → epidermal hyperplasia. (Inreased epidermal thickness by epidermalhyperplasia)

Question 18

in which cells does metaplasia occur?

Answer 18

adult mature diffrentiated cells

Question 19

example on glandular metaplasia

Answer 19

gastric mucosa/eosufeghus?– edge of chronic peptic ulcer
gives intestinal type mucosa which is villi and goblet cells

Question 20

a —- man is a chronic smoker. upon examination to his bronchi and bronchioles , what do u think will his epithelium look like?

Answer 20

stratified squamos epithelium
( Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium underwent epithelium metaplasia bc this type of new epithelium is more resistant to stress)

Question 21

a woman bla bla bla have bilharzial ova/stone, upon examination the doctor noticed abnormal epithelium, what do you think its type and why?

Answer 21

transitional epithelium of uriniary bladder went through epithelial metaplasia to be stratified squamos epithilium

Question 22

why would Columnar, endocervical mucosa would go under metapasia?

Answer 22

chronic irritation

Question 23

leukplakia

Answer 23

in UB: squamous METAPLASIA w keratin
Tongue and vuluva: HYPERPLASIA with keratinization