cell injury c: Flashcards
types of adaptation
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
mechanism of atrophy?
Altered balance between protein synthesis & degradation within cells
↓cell anabolism or ↑ cell catabolism → ↓ cell organelles
examples of localized physiological atrophy?
-thymus after puberty
-breast and ovaries after MENOPAUSE and not OVARIECTOMY which is hormonal atrophy
poliomyelitis?
neurogenic atrophy that leads to muscle atrophy
(polio V destroys motor neurons)
pressure atrophy?
Atrophy of vertebrae due to pressure by aortic aneurysm (تضخم)
Vascular atrophy example
Renal atrophy due to
atherosclerosis of renal artery
example on hormonal atrophy?
breast and ovaries AFTER OVARIECTOMY NOT MENOPAUSE
atrophic oral mucosa?
hot, irritant food, smoking and on top of some mucosal lesions
example on adaptive hypertrophy?
inc stress on hollow intralumenar organs <:
-heart.. left ventricular hypertrophy on top of hyper tension
-urninary bladder neck obstruction
-hypertrophy of stomach causes pyloric stenosis (انغلاق ال sphincter)
-intestine on top of intestinal obstruction
cause of adaptive hypertrophy?
↑ Intraluminal pressure in a hollow organ
compensatory hypertrophy
when a kidney is removed
what is compensatory hyperplasia?
type of PHYSIOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA
-ex on compensatory hyperplasia : liver after partial removal . BM after hemorrhage
while examples on compensatory hypertrophy: ex:kidney after removal of one of them
example on compensatory hyperplasia>
liver cell hyperplasia after partial hepactomy
BM after hemorrhage
hormonal hyperplasia can be both pathological and physiological. explain
-pathological hyperplasia via Endometrial hyperplasia:
Excessive estrogenic stimulation due to repeated anovulatory cycles
-physiological hyperplasia via Hormonal hyperplasia:
1. Breast and genitalia at puberty
2. Proliferative endometrium after menstruation due to
estrogen stimulation
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examples on hormonal hyperplasia PATHOLOGIC
-endomentrial hyperplasia due to repeated anovulatory cycles
-hyperplasia of thyroid epithelium in thyrotoxicosis
-benign prostatic hyperplasia
examples on irritation induced hyperplasia
- Antigenic stimulation → hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue.
- Chronic irritation, infection → epidermal hyperplasia. (Inreased epidermal thickness by epidermalhyperplasia)
in which cells does metaplasia occur?
adult mature diffrentiated cells
example on glandular metaplasia
gastric mucosa/eosufeghus?– edge of chronic peptic ulcer
gives intestinal type mucosa which is villi and goblet cells
a —- man is a chronic smoker. upon examination to his bronchi and bronchioles , what do u think will his epithelium look like?
stratified squamos epithelium
( Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium underwent epithelium metaplasia bc this type of new epithelium is more resistant to stress)
a woman bla bla bla have bilharzial ova/stone, upon examination the doctor noticed abnormal epithelium, what do you think its type and why?
transitional epithelium of uriniary bladder went through epithelial metaplasia to be stratified squamos epithilium
why would Columnar, endocervical mucosa would go under metapasia?
chronic irritation
leukplakia
in UB: squamous METAPLASIA w keratin
Tongue and vuluva: HYPERPLASIA with keratinization
