Cell Injury and Cell Death

Question 1

Cell Injury

Answer 1

• Can be reversible (which allows the cell to recover)

- Can be irreversible (which causes cell death)

Question 2

Morphologic characteristics include:

Answer 2

• Blebs and excessive cell swelling
• Disruption of organelles
• Autophagy by lysosomes
• Karyolysis or karyorrhexis

Question 3

Calcium Influx

Answer 3

Hallmark of irreversible cell injury or cell death is massive calcium influx

Question 4

Necrosis

Answer 4

Cell death due to injury

Question 5

Apoptosis

Answer 5

Cell death due to physiological turnover of cells

Question 6

Cellular Adaptation

Answer 6

• Ability of cell to respond to stress
• Intended to preserve cell viability
• Improve the functional capacity of the cell
• Can stress cells if homeostasis isn’t returned quickly
• Usually reversible at least initially

Question 7

Atrophy

Question 8

Physiological Atrophy

Answer 8

Comes from changes to the functional demands on a cell

Question 9

Pathologic Atrophy

Answer 9

-Comes from pathologic stimuli

Question 10

Disuse Atrophy

Answer 10

Decreased workload

Question 11

Denervation Atrophy

Answer 11

Loss of nerve connectiom

Question 12

Ischemic Atrophy

Answer 12

Loss of blood supply

Question 13

Hypertrophy

Answer 13

• Increase in cell size due to stress
• Increase of cell components
• Caused by hormonal stim. (pregnancy)
• Increased functional demand (muscle)
• Initially increases functional capacity of the affected organ
• Results in eventual inability of the organ to compensate for the increased workload

Question 14

Hyperplasia

Answer 14

• Increase in number of cells

- May be caused by pathologic or physiological stim

Question 15

Non Dividing Cells

Answer 15

• Cardiac Myocytes

- Cannot undergo hypertrophy

Question 16

Dividing Cells

Answer 16

• Epithelial Cells

- Can divide and may undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Question 17

Metaplasia

Answer 17

• Reversible process in which mature cell types are replaced by less mature cell types
• Most often found in epithelial cells and connective tissue
• Associated with the predisposition to cancer
• Seen in smokers: columnar ciliated epithelial cells are replaced with flat squamous epithelial cells

Question 18

Dysplasia

Answer 18

-Disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue
-Associated with potential cancer
-Disrupts the homogenous appearance of tissue by causing:
*Change in cell size and shape
*Nuclear enlargement, irregularity, and hyperchromatism
*A disarray in the arrangement of cells within the
epithelium
-most often associated with hyperplastic squamous epithelium (e.g., epidermal actinic keratosis)
-Ulcerative Colitis
-If curbed, can regress and go back to a healthier state