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Advanced Patho > Cell Injury and Cell Death > Flashcards

Cell Injury and Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the basis of most disease states

A

Loss of homeostasis

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2
Q

How do cells survive short term

A

Adaptation

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3
Q

Excessive cell swelling and dramatic changes to the cellular organelles

A

Morphologic characteristics

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4
Q

Hallmark of irreversible cell injury or death

A

Massive influx of calcium

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5
Q

Cell death due to injury

A

Necrosis

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6
Q

Cell death due to physiological turn over of cells

A

Apoptosis

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7
Q

Shrinkage of tissue or organ size due to reduction in cell size

A

Atrophy

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8
Q

Increase in cell size in response to stress

A

Hypertrophy

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9
Q

Increase in cell number by mitotic division

A

Hyperplasia

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10
Q

What cells are capable/ not capable of mitotic division (hyperplasia)

A

Capable:
Epithelial

Not capable:
Cardiac cells

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11
Q

Reversible process whereby one mature cell type is replaced by another less mature type

A

Metaplasia

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12
Q

Disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue

A

Dysplasia

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13
Q

Provides useful hallmarks of cell injury. Cells due this under stress in response to metabolic derangements. May lead to cell injury or death.

A

Cellular accumulations

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14
Q

Where do lipids tend to accumulate in cellular accumulations

A

Heart and liver

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15
Q

Where does glycogen tend to accumulate in cellular accumulations

A

Liver and skeletal muscle

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16
Q

Where does melanin tend to accumulate in cellular accumulations

A

Skin

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17
Q

What cellular accumulations forms hemosiderin

A

Hemoglobin -Iron

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18
Q

Where does bilirubin tend to accumulate in cellular accumulations

A

Liver

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19
Q

What are 3 pigments that accumulate in cellular accumulations

A

Bilirubin
Hemosiderin
Melanin

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20
Q

Fine granular Golden brown pigment formed from phospholipids and proteins derived from degenerating membranes

A

Lipofuscin

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21
Q

What minerals tend to accumulate in cellular accumulations

A

Calcium

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22
Q

What determines outcome of pathological stress

A

Severity and duration of stimuli or pathological stress

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23
Q

What are the 4 cellular adaptations

A 
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophic 
Atrophy 
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
24
Q

Non dividing cells

A

Cardiac

25
Q

Dividing cells

A

Epithelial cells

26
Q

These cells can undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy under stress

A

Epithelial cells

27
Q

These cells can not divide so undergo hypertrophy increasing functional muscle mass

A

Cardiac cells

28
Q

Pathological stimuli may be intrinsic , meaning

A

Genetic

29
Q

Pathological stimuli may be extrinsic meaning

A

Acquired

30
Q

Hypoxia cell injury leads to

A

Impaired energy production

31
Q

Impaired energy production from hypoxia causes

A

Free radical injury

32
Q

Free radical injury forms

A

Damaging reactive oxygen species ROS

33
Q

Impaired calcium homeostasis compromises the

A

Cell membrane

Calcium influx causes cell death

34
Q

What protects against Reactive oxygen species ROS

A

Superoxide dismutase SOD

35
Q

How does SOD protect against ROS

A

Converts superoxide into hydrogen peroxide then catalase converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

36
Q

When do excess ROS (which is damaging to cell proteins and lipids) form

A

When oxygen is limited

37
Q

Name the antioxidant system that stops excess ROS/superoxide

A

Superoxide dismutase

38
Q

This antioxidant converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

A

Catalase

39
Q

Excess ROS causes

A

Cell damage
Leaking membranes
Calcium influx
Cell death

40
Q

Ischemia is caused from

A

Lack of blood oxygen flow

41
Q

With Reversible cell injury we will see…

A

-Reduction in Oxidative phosphorylation
-Reduction in ATP
-Electrolyte imbalance with water reflux
-Cellular swelling
-Blebs
-organelle swelling
Increase in glycolysis
Decrease in PH
ROS

42
Q

With irreversible cell injury we will see…

A

Lysosomal enzymes released causing auto digestion of cell

Membrane injury causing calcium influx

This leads to cell death

43
Q

What type of cell necrosis

Basic cell outline is preserved, Acidosis denatures proteins, protein denaturation causes coagulation

A

Coagulative necrosis

44
Q

Type of necrosis

Results from autolysis or heterolysis

Involves digestion of cell remains

Typical abscess puss formation

A

Liquifactive necrosis

45
Q

Type of necrosis

Combination of coagulative and liquifactive necrosis

The necrotic debris is not digested completely by hydrolases so tissues appear soft and granular

Cheesy

A

Caseous necrosis

46
Q

Types of necrosis

Descriptive term that refers to focal areas of fat destruction, this destruction of lipids is associated abnormal release of pancreatic enzymes lipase

A

Fat necrosis

47
Q

Types of cellular necrosis

Result of severe hypoxia . Most commonly caused by loss of blood supply (ischemia )

A

Gangrene

48
Q

A coagulative necrosis as a result of ischemia

A

Dry gangrene

49
Q

Occurs when tissue is infected with bacteria and phagocytosis cells are recruited , releasing enzymes that lead to liquifactive process

A

Wet gangrene

50
Q

Types of cellular necrosis

Occurs when the infection is caused by clostridium , anerobic bacteria that produces toxins that damage the CT and cause gas

A

Gas gangrene

51
Q

What are 2 types of cellular death

A

Necrosis and apoptosis

52
Q

This type of cell death is initiated by pathologic stimuli from outside the cell and results in the dissolution or removal of that cell

A

Necrosis

53
Q

Necrosis involves activation of enzymes that digest cellular components called…

A

Auto digestion

54
Q

This type of cell death initiates the inflammatory response

A

Necrosis

55
Q

This cell death involves activation of a coordinated internal cellular program(sequence of events) that are mediated by defined cellular proteins

A

Apoptosis

56
Q

This cell death has no inflammatory response

A

Apoptosis

Advanced Patho (1 decks)

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