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Pathology I > Cell Injury & Adaptation > Flashcards

Cell Injury & Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of an organ w/o an increase in cell number

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2
Q

can hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur together?

A

yes- this is typically the case

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3
Q

when does pure hypertrophy occur?

A

only in skeletal and cardiac muscle

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4
Q

what can be a side effect of hypertrophy?

A

increased distance to source of nutrients

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5
Q

what does this represent?

A

hypertrophy of cardiac muscle

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6
Q

hyperplasia

A

the increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells

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7
Q

examples of hyperplasias that are physiologic:

A

-erythroid bone marrow hyperplasia at high altitude
-cyclic enlargement of the endometrium and breast during the menstrual cycles
-regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgical excision is compensatory

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8
Q

examples of hyperplasias that are pathologic:

A

epithelial hyperplasia caused by HPV

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9
Q

ID

A

epithelial hyperplasisa: papilloma

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10
Q

ID

A

endothelial hyperplasia: pyogenic granuloma

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11
Q

ID

A

fibrous hyperplasia: fibroma

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

ID

A

fibrous hyperplasia: epulis fissuratum
*caused by ill-fitting denture

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13
Q

ID

A

epithelial & fibrous hyperplasia: inflammatory papillary hyperplasia (of the palate)

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13
Q

ID

A

osseous hyperplasia: sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia

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14
Q

ID

A

osseous hyperplasia: exostoses

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15
Q

ID

A

gingival enlargement (hyperplasia)

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16
Q

ID

A

gingival enlargement (hyperplasia)

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17
Q

examples of meds that can cause gingival enlargement:

A

-Procardia (calcium channel blockers)
-Cyclosporin (immunosuppressant)
-Dilantin (anti-seizure med)

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18
Q

examples of gingival enlargement (hyperplasia):

A

-inflammatory hyperplasia
-drug-induced enlargement
-leukemic infiltrates
-amyloid infiltration
-Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
-juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
-Cowden syndrome
-Wegener granulomatosis

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19
Q

ID

A

condylar hyperplasia

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20
Q

ID

A

condylar hyperplasia

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21
Q

ID

A

condylar hyperplasia

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22
Q

ID

A

condylar hyperplasia

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23
Q

ID

A

hyperplastic dental follicle
*radiolucency around tooth
*would need biopsy to diagnose

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24
Q

ID

A

gynecomastia- hyperplasia of male breast

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25
Q

atrophy

A

reduction in size of cells, tissues, or organs

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26
Q

examples of pathologic atrophy:

A

-atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation
-atrophy of the brain due to ischemia

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27
Q

examples of physiologic atrophy:

A

-atrophy of the uterus after pregnancy
-involution of the thymus in early adult life

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28
Q

pathologic atrophy may result from:

A

-disuse
-denervation
-lack of trophic hormones
-ischemia (reduction in blood supply)
-malnutrition
-idiopathic (Parry-Romberg syndrome)

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29
Q

ID

A

atrophy

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30
Q

ID

A

atrophy

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31
Q

diseases that can cause brain atrophy:

A

-atherosclerotic disease
-alzheimer disease

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32
Q

what is this?

A

progressive hemifacial atrophy (Pary Romberg Syndrome)
*always unilateral
*ideopathic
*no intervention until atrophy has run its course

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33
Q

metaplasia

A

replacement of one mature cell type by another one

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34
Q

metaplasia represents a change to a _____ cell type

A

tougher

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35
Q

is metaplasia reversible?

A

generally yes- tissue can revert to its normal state after irritant is removed

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36
Q

what happens if an irritant is persistant in a tissue?

A

metaplasia may progress to dysplasia and then to frank neoplasia

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37
Q

what happens to smokers bronchial epithelium?

A

stratified columnar epithelium —> squamous epithelium

38
Q

what happens to gastric epithelium with gastric reflux?

A

Barrett esophagus

39
Q

which esophagus is normal?

A

left

40
Q

necrotizing sialometaplasia

A

-occurs on the palate
-can be uni or bilateral (unilateral harder to detect)
-metaplasia into squamous tissue in the connective tissue with signs of necrosis
-white border

41
Q

what are examples of adaptive cell responses to non-lethal injury?

A

-hyperplasia
-hypertrophy
-atrophy
-metaplasia

42
Q

what are examples of non-adaptive cell responses to non-lethal injury?

A

-agenesis
-aplasia
-hypoplasia

43
Q

agenesis

A

failure to develop
*typically not compatible with life

44
Q

what is this an example of?

A

tooth agenesis
-retained primary molar –> agenesis of permanent premolar

45
Q

what is this an example of?

A

tooth agenesis
*no history of extraction

46
Q

aplasia/hypoplasia

A

the incomplete development of an organ
*organ never reaches normal size

47
Q

what is Treacher Collins syndrome?

A

mandibulo-facial dysplasia

48
Q

what is Pierre-Robin syndrome?

A

aplasia/hypoplasia of the mandible

49
Q

ID

A

aplasia/hypoplasia
-Pierre-Robin syndrome

50
Q

ID

A

aplasia/hypoplasia
*radiation treatment causes hypoplastic roots

51
Q

ID

A

aplasia/hypoplasia- regional odontodysplasia
*small & under calcified teeth (ghost teeth)

52
Q

dysplasia

A

literally means abnormal formation
*altered growth status
-used in many contexts (we mainly use it in terms of pre-malignant)

53
Q

ID

A

epithelial dysplasia

54
Q

ID

A

ectodermal dysplasia

55
Q

ectodermal dysplasia

A

tissues derived from ectoderm do not develop correctly (teeth, hair, etc.)

56
Q

ID

A

fibro-osseous dysplasia
*NOT pre-malignant

57
Q

ID

A

fibrous dysplasia
-unilateral enlargement of jaw bone (maxilla or mandible)
*NOT pre-malignant

58
Q

ID

A

fibrous dysplasia

59
Q

ID

A

fibrous dysplasia

60
Q

ID

A

dentin dysplasia, type I

61
Q

example of reversible changes:

A

fatty change- liver

62
Q

examples of irreversible changes:

A

-necrosis
-apoptosis

63
Q

which type of cell death is messy?

A

necrosis

64
Q

which type of cell death is precise?

A

apoptosis
-usually affects one cell at a time

65
Q

nuclear changes that signal cell death in necrosis:

A

-pyknosis
-karyorrhexis
-karyolysis

66
Q

pyknosis

A

small, dark and shrunken nucleus

67
Q

karryorrhexis

A

nuclear fragmentation

68
Q

karyolysis

A

dissolution of the nucleus

69
Q

what tells you how the cell has died?

A

the cytoplasm

70
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

typically seen in hypoxic injury (myocardial infarct)

71
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

typically seen in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct (stroke)

72
Q

caseous necrosis

A

necrotic tissue is converted into a cheesy mass (tuberculosis)

73
Q

fat necrosis

A

characteristically seen in acute pancreatitis

74
Q

what pattern of necrosis?

A

coagulative necrosis

75
Q

what pattern of necrosis?

A

liquefactive necrosis

76
Q

what pattern of necrosis?

A

caseous necrosis

77
Q

what pattern of necrosis?

A

fat necrosis

78
Q

what pattern of necrosis?

A

coagulative necrosis

79
Q

what pattern of necrosis?

A

coagulative necrosis

80
Q

what pattern of necrosis?

A

liquefactive necrosis (cerebral infarct)

81
Q

what pattern of necrosis?

A

caseous necrosis

82
Q

what type of cell death is occurring here?

A

apoptosis

83
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death that occurs through activation of an internal suicide program
-selectively eliminates unwanted cells with minimal disturbance to the surrounding cells

84
Q

what enzymes manage apoptosis?

A

CASPASES

85
Q

what keeps apoptosis neat?

A

the plasma membrane remains intact, but its structure is altered so that it becomes a target for phagocytosis

86
Q

what prevents apoptosis from eliciting an inflammatory reaction?

A

the dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out

87
Q

physiologic examples of apoptosis:

A

-programmed cell destruction of cells during embryogenesis
-hormone-dependent involution of tissues in the adult
-deletion of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes
-cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells (virally infected or neoplastic cells)

88
Q

pathologic examples of apoptosis:

A

-if DNA repair mechanisms cant cope with damage, the cell kills itself by apoptosis
-cell death in certain viral infections (HepC)
-pathologic atrophy in organs after obstruction
-cell death in tumors

89
Q

exogenous pigments:

A

-carbon (anthracosis)
-tatooing (skin and mucosal tattoos; can be intentional or unintentional like amalgam tattoos)

90
Q

endogenous pigments:

A

-lipofuscin (aging pigment)
-melanin (formed in melanocytes)
-hemosiderin (hemoglobin-derived)
-bilirubin (derived from RBCs)

91
Q

pathologic calcification

A

the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue

92
Q

dystrophic calcification

A

occurs in nonviable or dying tissues in the presence of NORMAL serum calcium levels

93
Q

metastatic calcification

A

occurs in viable tissues and is associated with hypercalcemia
-mostly in bile and liver tissues

Pathology I (11 decks)

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