Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology I > Cell Injury & Adaptation > Flashcards

Cell Injury & Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of an organ w/o an increase in cell number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

can hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur together?

A

yes- this is typically the case

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when does pure hypertrophy occur?

A

only in skeletal and cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what can be a side effect of hypertrophy?

A

increased distance to source of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does this represent?

A

hypertrophy of cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hyperplasia

A

the increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

examples of hyperplasias that are physiologic:

A

-erythroid bone marrow hyperplasia at high altitude
-cyclic enlargement of the endometrium and breast during the menstrual cycles
-regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgical excision is compensatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

examples of hyperplasias that are pathologic:

A

epithelial hyperplasia caused by HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ID

A

epithelial hyperplasisa: papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ID

A

endothelial hyperplasia: pyogenic granuloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ID

A

fibrous hyperplasia: fibroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ID

A

fibrous hyperplasia: epulis fissuratum
*caused by ill-fitting denture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ID

A

epithelial & fibrous hyperplasia: inflammatory papillary hyperplasia (of the palate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ID

A

osseous hyperplasia: sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ID

A

osseous hyperplasia: exostoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ID

A

gingival enlargement (hyperplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ID

A

gingival enlargement (hyperplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

examples of meds that can cause gingival enlargement:

A

-Procardia (calcium channel blockers)
-Cyclosporin (immunosuppressant)
-Dilantin (anti-seizure med)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

examples of gingival enlargement (hyperplasia):

A

-inflammatory hyperplasia
-drug-induced enlargement
-leukemic infiltrates
-amyloid infiltration
-Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
-juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
-Cowden syndrome
-Wegener granulomatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ID

A

condylar hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ID

A

condylar hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ID

A

condylar hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ID

A

condylar hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
ID
hyperplastic dental follicle *radiolucency around tooth *would need biopsy to diagnose
24
ID
gynecomastia- hyperplasia of male breast
25
atrophy
reduction in size of cells, tissues, or organs
26
examples of pathologic atrophy:
-atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation -atrophy of the brain due to ischemia
27
examples of physiologic atrophy:
-atrophy of the uterus after pregnancy -involution of the thymus in early adult life
28
pathologic atrophy may result from:
-disuse -denervation -lack of trophic hormones -ischemia (reduction in blood supply) -malnutrition -idiopathic (Parry-Romberg syndrome)
29
ID
atrophy
30
ID
atrophy
31
diseases that can cause brain atrophy:
-atherosclerotic disease -alzheimer disease
32
what is this?
progressive hemifacial atrophy (Pary Romberg Syndrome) *always unilateral *ideopathic *no intervention until atrophy has run its course
33
metaplasia
replacement of one mature cell type by another one
34
metaplasia represents a change to a _____ cell type
tougher
35
is metaplasia reversible?
generally yes- tissue can revert to its normal state after irritant is removed
36
what happens if an irritant is persistant in a tissue?
metaplasia may progress to dysplasia and then to frank neoplasia
37
what happens to smokers bronchial epithelium?
stratified columnar epithelium ---> squamous epithelium
38
what happens to gastric epithelium with gastric reflux?
Barrett esophagus
39
which esophagus is normal?
left
40
necrotizing sialometaplasia
-occurs on the palate -can be uni or bilateral (unilateral harder to detect) -metaplasia into squamous tissue in the connective tissue with signs of necrosis -white border
41
what are examples of adaptive cell responses to non-lethal injury?
-hyperplasia -hypertrophy -atrophy -metaplasia
42
what are examples of non-adaptive cell responses to non-lethal injury?
-agenesis -aplasia -hypoplasia
43
agenesis
failure to develop *typically not compatible with life
44
what is this an example of?
tooth agenesis -retained primary molar --> agenesis of permanent premolar
45
what is this an example of?
tooth agenesis *no history of extraction
46
aplasia/hypoplasia
the incomplete development of an organ *organ never reaches normal size
47
what is Treacher Collins syndrome?
mandibulo-facial dysplasia
48
what is Pierre-Robin syndrome?
aplasia/hypoplasia of the mandible
49
ID
aplasia/hypoplasia -Pierre-Robin syndrome
50
ID
aplasia/hypoplasia *radiation treatment causes hypoplastic roots
51
ID
aplasia/hypoplasia- regional odontodysplasia *small & under calcified teeth (ghost teeth)
52
dysplasia
literally means abnormal formation *altered growth status -used in many contexts (we mainly use it in terms of pre-malignant)
53
ID
epithelial dysplasia
54
ID
ectodermal dysplasia
55
ectodermal dysplasia
tissues derived from ectoderm do not develop correctly (teeth, hair, etc.)
56
ID
fibro-osseous dysplasia *NOT pre-malignant
57
ID
fibrous dysplasia -unilateral enlargement of jaw bone (maxilla or mandible) *NOT pre-malignant
58
ID
fibrous dysplasia
59
ID
fibrous dysplasia
60
ID
dentin dysplasia, type I
61
example of reversible changes:
fatty change- liver
62
examples of irreversible changes:
-necrosis -apoptosis
63
which type of cell death is messy?
necrosis
64
which type of cell death is precise?
apoptosis -usually affects one cell at a time
65
nuclear changes that signal cell death in necrosis:
-pyknosis -karyorrhexis -karyolysis
66
pyknosis
small, dark and shrunken nucleus
67
karryorrhexis
nuclear fragmentation
68
karyolysis
dissolution of the nucleus
69
what tells you how the cell has died?
the cytoplasm
70
coagulative necrosis
typically seen in hypoxic injury (myocardial infarct)
71
liquefactive necrosis
typically seen in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct (stroke)
72
caseous necrosis
necrotic tissue is converted into a cheesy mass (tuberculosis)
73
fat necrosis
characteristically seen in acute pancreatitis
74
what pattern of necrosis?
coagulative necrosis
75
what pattern of necrosis?
liquefactive necrosis
76
what pattern of necrosis?
caseous necrosis
77
what pattern of necrosis?
fat necrosis
78
what pattern of necrosis?
coagulative necrosis
79
what pattern of necrosis?
coagulative necrosis
80
what pattern of necrosis?
liquefactive necrosis (cerebral infarct)
81
what pattern of necrosis?
caseous necrosis
82
what type of cell death is occurring here?
apoptosis
83
apoptosis
programmed cell death that occurs through activation of an internal suicide program -selectively eliminates unwanted cells with minimal disturbance to the surrounding cells
84
what enzymes manage apoptosis?
CASPASES
85
what keeps apoptosis neat?
the plasma membrane remains intact, but its structure is altered so that it becomes a target for phagocytosis
86
what prevents apoptosis from eliciting an inflammatory reaction?
the dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out
87
physiologic examples of apoptosis:
-programmed cell destruction of cells during embryogenesis -hormone-dependent involution of tissues in the adult -deletion of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes -cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells (virally infected or neoplastic cells)
88
pathologic examples of apoptosis:
-if DNA repair mechanisms cant cope with damage, the cell kills itself by apoptosis -cell death in certain viral infections (HepC) -pathologic atrophy in organs after obstruction -cell death in tumors
89
exogenous pigments:
-carbon (anthracosis) -tatooing (skin and mucosal tattoos; can be intentional or unintentional like amalgam tattoos)
90
endogenous pigments:
-lipofuscin (aging pigment) -melanin (formed in melanocytes) -hemosiderin (hemoglobin-derived) -bilirubin (derived from RBCs)
91
pathologic calcification
the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue
92
dystrophic calcification
occurs in nonviable or dying tissues in the presence of NORMAL serum calcium levels
93
metastatic calcification
occurs in viable tissues and is associated with hypercalcemia -mostly in bile and liver tissues

Pathology I (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions