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MCD - cell pathology > Cell injury > Flashcards

Cell injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between lethal and sublethal cell injury?

A

LETHAL = produces cell death

SUBLETHAL = produces injury not amounting to cell death. May be reversible or progress to cell death

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2
Q

List the causes of cell injury

A
  • Oxygen deprivation
  • Chemical agents
  • Infectious agents
  • Immunological reactions
  • Genetic defects
  • Nutritional imbalances
  • Physical agents
  • Aging
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3
Q

What does the cellular response to injurious stimuli depend on?

A
  • Type of injury
  • Duration
  • Severity
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4
Q

What do the consequences of an injurious stimulus depend on?

A
  • Type of cell
  • Status
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5
Q

Name the 4 intracellular systems that are particularly vulnerable to cell injury

A
  1. Cell membrane integrity
  2. ATP generation
  3. Protein synthesis
  4. Integrity of the genetic apparatus (DNA)
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6
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Shrinkage in the size of the cell (or organ) by the loss of cell substance

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7
Q

Give 2 examples of atrophy

A
  • Dementia
  • Muscle atrophy secondary to denervation
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8
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size of cells and consequently an increase in the size of the organ

Can be physiological (e.g. stress of pregnancy increases size of heart to increase cardiac output) or pathological (e.g. raised blood pressure, valve abnormalities)

Caused either by increased functional demand or specific hormonal stimulation

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9
Q

Give an example of physiological hypertrophy

A

Uterus during pregnancy

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10
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in the number of cells in an organ

Can be physiological (hormonal or compensatory) or pathological (usually due to excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation)

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11
Q

Give an example of physiological hyperplasia

A

Proliferative endometrium

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12
Q

Give an example of pathological hyperplasia

A

Carcinoma

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13
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another

May be physiological/pathological

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14
Q

Give an example of physiological metaplasia

A

Cervix = during pregnancy, cervix expands so canal of the cervix is exposed to acid pH of vagina which turns columnar –> squamous epithelial cells

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15
Q

Give an example of pathological metaplasia

A

Barrett’s (columnar lined) oesophagus

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16
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Precancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological featurus or malignancy but not invading the underlying tissue

17
Q

What does cancer screening look for?

A

Diagnose dysplastic change that occurs before “true cancer” develops

18
Q

What are the morphological changes associated with reversible injury?

A
  • Fatty change
  • Cellular swelling

These are examples of degenerative changes (i.e. changes associated with cell and tissue damage)

19
Q

What are the morphological changes associated with irreversible injury?

A
  1. Coagulative necrosis
  2. Liquefactive necrosis
  3. Caseous necrosis
  4. Fat necrosis
20
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Confluent cell death associated with inflammation

21
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

Cells are dead but you can still see the cells

22
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

Often seen in the brain - transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass

23
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

Associated with TB

Tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance

24
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

Lipase releases fatty acids from triglycerides. The fatty acids then complex with calcium to form soaps. These soaps appear as white chalky deposits.

Usually associated with trauma of the pancreas and can also occur in breast

25
Q

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

Apoptosis = programmed cell death (requires energy)

Necrosis = what happens when you run out of ATP

Apoptosis…

  • May be phsyiological
  • Is an active energy dependent process
  • Is not associated with inflammation
26
Q

What are the causes of apoptosis?

A
  1. Embryogenesis
  2. Deletion of auto-reactive T cells in the thymus
  3. Hormone-dependent physiological involution
  4. Cell deletion in proliferating populations
  5. A variety of mild injurious stimulit hat cause irreparable DNA damage that triggers cell suicide pathways
27
Q

What is necroptosis?

A

Programmed cell death associated with inflammation

Many causes (e.g. viral infections)

MCD - cell pathology (6 decks)

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