Cell Injury

Question 1

Hydropic swelling

Answer 1

Increase in intracellular water, usually in response to injury, fully reversible

Question 2

What change mediates most of the events in reversible cell injury?

Answer 2

Decrease in transcellular ATP levels leads to impairment of the membrane Na/K ATPase

Question 3

Atophy

Answer 3

Decrease in cell size or function

Question 4

Hypertrophy

Answer 4

Increase in cell size or function

Question 5

Hyperplasia

Answer 5

Increase in cell number

Question 6

Metaplasia

Answer 6

Trans-differentiation from one cell type to another

Question 7

Dysplasia

Answer 7

Alteration in the uniformity of histogenesis

Question 8

What is the most common type of metaplasia and it involves replacing what type of cell with what type of cell?

Answer 8

Squamous metaplasia - replacement of glandular epithelium by squamous epithelium

Question 9

In what type of tissue does dysplasia most commonly occur and in what organs is this type of tissue found?

Answer 9

Squamous epithelium (skin, cervix, bronchus)

Question 10

What abnormal protein is present in hepatic cirrhosis and emphysema?

Answer 10

Alpha 1 antitrypsin

Question 11

What abnormal protein is present in parkinson disease?

Answer 11

Alpha synuclein (in form of Lewy bodies)

Question 12

What abnormal protein is present in alcoholic liver disease?

Answer 12

Intermediate filaments (in form of Mallory bodies)

Question 13

Actinic keratosis is an example of what type of cell injury?

Answer 13

Dysplasia

Question 14

What causes fatty liver in alcoholism?

Answer 14

Hepatocytes damaged by alcohol cant process fats, so they store them

Question 15

What does prussian blue stain for?

Answer 15

Iron

Question 16

What protein stores iron?

Answer 16

Hemosiderin

Question 17

What does alpha 1 antitrypsin do?

Answer 17

Inhibits proteases from damaging the liver (hence chronic liver disease in its deficiency)

Question 18

Pyknosis

Answer 18

Chromatin condensation

Question 19

Karyorrhexis and karyolysis

Answer 19

Progressive fragmentation of chromatin

Question 20

Types of necrosis and where they are commonly seen

Answer 20

Coagulative (all over), Liquefactive (brain abscesses), Fat (fat and peripancreatic tissues), Caseous (lung, tb), Fibrinoid (BV wall), Apoptosis (everywhere)

Question 21

Cellular appearance in coagulative necrosis

Answer 21

Eosinophilic cytoplasm, pyknosis in nucleus

Question 22

Why does fat necrosis occur around the pancreas?

Answer 22

Because pancreatic damage leads to release of lipase

Question 23

What is seen (histologically) in the center of caseous necrosis in the case of tb

Answer 23

Granulomas with dead cells persisting as amorphous, corasely granular, eosinophilic debris

Question 24

Blood vessels walls undergoing fibrinoid necrosis stain in what way?

Answer 24

With eosin (pink)

Question 25

Coagulative necrosis involves influx into the cell of what?

Answer 25

Sodium, calcium and water

Question 26

What is the most important cause of coagulative necrosis in human disease?

Answer 26

Ischemia

Question 27

What type of chemical species are responsible for reperfusion injury?

Answer 27

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Question 28

What can hydroxyl radicals do that damages cells?

Answer 28

Cross-link proteins, inhibit DNA replication, and initiate lipid peroxidation (damaging cell membrane)

Question 29

Cellular dose-response for radiation exposure

Answer 29

300-1000 rads (apoptosis), GT 2000 rads (necrosis)

Question 30

Which type of virus requires immune involvement to kill a cell, directly cytopathic or indirectly cytopathic?

Answer 30

Indirectly cytopathic

Question 31

After binding a target cell, what do T lymphocytes do to activate apoptosis?

Answer 31

Transfer granzyme (or activate Fas receptor, or possibly other mechanisms)

Question 32

In which type of calcification will hypercalcemia be seen?

Answer 32

Metastatic calcification (no hypercalcemia needed for dystrophic calcification)

Question 33

Calcific aortic stenosis is an example of what type of calcification?

Answer 33

Dystrophic

Question 34

Difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification

Answer 34

Dystrophic is local and represents deposition, Metastatic is global and reflects error in metabolism (hypercalcemia)

Question 35

Chronic renal failure and hyperparathyroidism lead to what type of calcification?

Answer 35

Metastatic (global)

Question 36

Progeria is a defect in what protein?

Answer 36

Nuclear lamin matrix protein

Question 37

Werner syndrome is a defect of what protein?

Answer 37

DNA helicase