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Pathology > Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Hydropic swelling

A

Increase in intracellular water, usually in response to injury, fully reversible

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2
Q

What change mediates most of the events in reversible cell injury?

A

Decrease in transcellular ATP levels leads to impairment of the membrane Na/K ATPase

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3
Q

Atophy

A

Decrease in cell size or function

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4
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size or function

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5
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

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6
Q

Metaplasia

A

Trans-differentiation from one cell type to another

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7
Q

Dysplasia

A

Alteration in the uniformity of histogenesis

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8
Q

What is the most common type of metaplasia and it involves replacing what type of cell with what type of cell?

A

Squamous metaplasia - replacement of glandular epithelium by squamous epithelium

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9
Q

In what type of tissue does dysplasia most commonly occur and in what organs is this type of tissue found?

A

Squamous epithelium (skin, cervix, bronchus)

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10
Q

What abnormal protein is present in hepatic cirrhosis and emphysema?

A

Alpha 1 antitrypsin

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11
Q

What abnormal protein is present in parkinson disease?

A

Alpha synuclein (in form of Lewy bodies)

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12
Q

What abnormal protein is present in alcoholic liver disease?

A

Intermediate filaments (in form of Mallory bodies)

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13
Q

Actinic keratosis is an example of what type of cell injury?

A

Dysplasia

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14
Q

What causes fatty liver in alcoholism?

A

Hepatocytes damaged by alcohol cant process fats, so they store them

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15
Q

What does prussian blue stain for?

A

Iron

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16
Q

What protein stores iron?

A

Hemosiderin

17
Q

What does alpha 1 antitrypsin do?

A

Inhibits proteases from damaging the liver (hence chronic liver disease in its deficiency)

18
Q

Pyknosis

A

Chromatin condensation

19
Q

Karyorrhexis and karyolysis

A

Progressive fragmentation of chromatin

20
Q

Types of necrosis and where they are commonly seen

A

Coagulative (all over), Liquefactive (brain abscesses), Fat (fat and peripancreatic tissues), Caseous (lung, tb), Fibrinoid (BV wall), Apoptosis (everywhere)

21
Q

Cellular appearance in coagulative necrosis

A

Eosinophilic cytoplasm, pyknosis in nucleus

22
Q

Why does fat necrosis occur around the pancreas?

A

Because pancreatic damage leads to release of lipase

23
Q

What is seen (histologically) in the center of caseous necrosis in the case of tb

A

Granulomas with dead cells persisting as amorphous, corasely granular, eosinophilic debris

24
Q

Blood vessels walls undergoing fibrinoid necrosis stain in what way?

A

With eosin (pink)

25
Q

Coagulative necrosis involves influx into the cell of what?

A

Sodium, calcium and water

26
Q

What is the most important cause of coagulative necrosis in human disease?

A

Ischemia

27
Q

What type of chemical species are responsible for reperfusion injury?

A

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

28
Q

What can hydroxyl radicals do that damages cells?

A

Cross-link proteins, inhibit DNA replication, and initiate lipid peroxidation (damaging cell membrane)

29
Q

Cellular dose-response for radiation exposure

A

300-1000 rads (apoptosis), GT 2000 rads (necrosis)

30
Q

Which type of virus requires immune involvement to kill a cell, directly cytopathic or indirectly cytopathic?

A

Indirectly cytopathic

31
Q

After binding a target cell, what do T lymphocytes do to activate apoptosis?

A

Transfer granzyme (or activate Fas receptor, or possibly other mechanisms)

32
Q

In which type of calcification will hypercalcemia be seen?

A

Metastatic calcification (no hypercalcemia needed for dystrophic calcification)

33
Q

Calcific aortic stenosis is an example of what type of calcification?

A

Dystrophic

34
Q

Difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification

A

Dystrophic is local and represents deposition, Metastatic is global and reflects error in metabolism (hypercalcemia)

35
Q

Chronic renal failure and hyperparathyroidism lead to what type of calcification?

A

Metastatic (global)

36
Q

Progeria is a defect in what protein?

A

Nuclear lamin matrix protein

37
Q

Werner syndrome is a defect of what protein?

A

DNA helicase

Pathology (9 decks)

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