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Cell And Tissue Injury > Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two forms of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER - with ribosomes and synthesizes proteins to be exported from the cell

Smooth ER - without ribosomes and metabolizes drugs hormones and various nutrients, synthesizes steroid hormones

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2
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

A structural barrier between cell and external environment that communicates with other cells

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3
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and it is a bi layers with lipids on each side

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4
Q

What are the three primary tissue layers?

A

Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

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5
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Epithelium and mesnechyma

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6
Q

What is an example of epithelium?

A

Skin or lining of vessels, ducts, and other small cavities

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7
Q

What does epithelium consist of?

A

Cells joined by cementing substances

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8
Q

How is epithelium classified?

A

Number of layers and the shape of cells

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9
Q

What does mesenchyma form?

A

Bone, muscle, fat, cartilage, and fibrous tissue

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10
Q

Parenchyma vs stoma?

A

Parenchyma is the working elements of tissue types and usually consists of epithelial cells

Stroke is the structural support and framework of an organ, usually made by mesenchyma

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11
Q

Define the “steady state”

A

A balance between opposing pressures operating in or around cell or tissue

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12
Q

What can alter the steady state?

A

Normal- physiologic changes
Abnormal - pathological changes

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13
Q

Altered steady state?

A

Returns to the steady state quickly

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14
Q

Cellular adaptation?

A

A permanent change to steady state

Example: menopause, the lower estrogen signals to stop shedding uterine lining

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15
Q

Reversible cell injury

A

Cell can reverse the damages before too much occurs and results in permanent damage

Example: blood clot or increased troponin levels during a heart attack

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16
Q

Irreversible cell injury causes?

A

Heavy doses of toxins, sever hypoxia or anoxia, other prolonged insults

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17
Q

When does cellular adaptation occur?

A

When there is persistent and prolonged changes

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18
Q

Atrophy definition

A

Means without nutrition, there’s a decrease in size of individual cells

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19
Q

Causes of atrophy?

A

Less oxygen, less nutrition ,stimulation

The cells are trying to survive and requires a decrease in activity

Looks smaller than normal

Microscopically the cells look much smaller compared to normal cells

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20
Q

What cellular adaptation causes carpal tunnel?

A

Atrophy

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21
Q

Hypertrophy definition

A

Increase in size of cells in response to functional demands

IE: skeletal or cardiac number

Cells appear much bigger microscopically

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22
Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy

A

Is thickening of the septum in the heart

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23
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in NUMBER of cells due to increase functional demand

Cells will divide to do so

Typically caused by hormonal stimulation

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24
Q

What cellular adaptation causes thyroid goiter ?

A

Hyperplasia

25
Q

Hypoplasia definition

A

Underdevelopment of an organ or tissue

Example: failure of kidney to develop to normal adult size

26
Q

Aplasia

A

Failure of an organ or tissue to develop

Example: kidney fails to ever form

27
Q

Metaplasia

A

Substitution of one cell type for another

28
Q

What causes metaplasia?

A

Harsh environments inducing change to protective tissue type

29
Q

What type of cellular adaptation would cause a smokers lung cells to switch from stratified squamous cells to ciliated columnar cells?

A

Metaplasia

30
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth of cells that is potentially reversible

31
Q

What are the five cellular accumulations?

A

Water, lipids, carbs, proteins, pigment

32
Q

Examples of pigments in cellular accumulation

A

Smog can cause pigment on lungs

33
Q

Exogenous pigments examples

A

Occurring from the outside -
Environmental contamination like smog
Tattoo ink
Amalgam from dental work

34
Q

Endogenous pigments

A

Occurs from inside -
Lipofuscin
Melanin
Iron
Bilirubin

35
Q

What is the wear and tear pigment?

A

Lipofuscin
Usually looks brown and occurs in older patients
Does not interfere with cell function

36
Q

What is hemochromatosis

A

Accumulation of too much iron throughout the body that is an inhertited gene

37
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

A type of cell death where the cells condenses

38
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

A type of cell death where the nucleus fragments

39
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

A type of cell death where the nucleus dissolutes and has lysis of chromatin

40
Q

What are the two types of cell death?

A

Apoptosis and necrosis

41
Q

Which type of cell death is “active” and energy dependent

A

Apoptosis

42
Q

Which type of cell death is “active” and energy dependent

A

Apoptosis

43
Q

Which form of cell death causes inflammation and damage to surrounding cells

A

Necrosis

44
Q

Which form of cell death causes inflammation and damage to surrounding cells

A

Necrosis

45
Q

How is necrosis cell death initiated?

A

Exogenous cell injury and is always pathologic

Does not depend on energy

46
Q

Which type of necrosis turns cells into liquid?

A

Liquefactive

47
Q

Which type of necrosis is associated with infectious diseases?

A

Caseous necrosis

48
Q

What are the causes of metabolic injury ?

A

Hypoxia and anoxia

49
Q

Causes of mechanical trauma

A

Abrasion, contusion, laceration, incision, avulsion

50
Q

Abrasion

A

Superficial from friction : road rash

51
Q

Contusion

A

Bruise

52
Q

Laceration

A

Tearing from stretching

53
Q

Incision

A

Cut by sharp instrument, wider than deep, like a surgical incision

54
Q

Puncture wound

A

Piercing penetration of tissue caused by a sharp object, deeper than wider, like a stab wound

55
Q

Avulsion

A

Tearing away of a body part, lawn mower accident

56
Q

Localized hypothermia

A

Frostbite

57
Q

Localized hyperthermia

A

Burns

58
Q

Classifications of temperate injuries

A

Superficial- confined to epidermis
Partial thickness- injury to dermis
Full thickness- through the sub q tissue and causes damage to muscle- can lead to death

59
Q

Factors influencing damage from ionizing radiation

A

Dosage, mode of delivery, and oxygenation of tissue

Cell And Tissue Injury (1 decks)

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