Cell injury 1 Flashcards by Anastasia Shumitskiy

Name the 6 cell membrane associated proteins

Cell surface marker
Transport channel
Enzyme
Cell adhesion
Cell surface receptor with second messenger system
Cytoskeletal anchors

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RER and Golgi responsible for…

Transcription
Translation
Modification
Packaging

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Alteration in any protein synthesis step can lead to…

Cell injury

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Cell injury leads to what?

Reversible injury—>normal cell
Irreversible injury—> necrosis or apoptosis

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Cell responses to cell stress/injury

Adaptive change
Defective/ inadequate develoment

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Types of adaptive change/ cellular adaptations

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

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Types of defective development caused by cell injury

Aphasia
Hypoplasia

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Cellular adaptation leads to…

Increased cellular activity (hypertrophy or hyperplasia)
Decreased cellular activity (atrophy)
Altered type I position (metaplasia or dysplasia)

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3 types of cell types

Labile
Stable/quiescent
Permanent/non dividing

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Labile cells

Short life span
High capacity to regenerate
Proliferate continuously

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Stable cells

Divide infrequently
Can regenerate when lost in response to injury

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Permanent cells

Divide only in foetal life
Cannot be replaced if lost, instead df repair occurs-> dead cells removed; replaced by matrix (collagen). Result-> continuity and strength of tissue maintained but specialised function lost

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Ex of Labile, stable and perm cells

Labile; BM stem cells, epidermal cells of skin, gut epithelium
Stable; liver hepatocytes, osteoblasts, myocytes
Perm; neurones, cardiomyocytes

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Hypertrophy;
definition
response to what?
induced by
Observed in what kind of cells

^ in organ size due to ^ in individual cell size
Response to ^ mechanical/metabolic
workload
Induced by mechanical stress, growth factors, chemicals/drug exposure
Stable and perm cells

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2 types of hypertrophy

Physiological
Pathological

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Describe physiological Hypertrophy
-example
-normal or not?

Reversible ^ in cardiac muscle due to ^ workload/stimulation
E.g child growing, pregnancy
It is normal

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Describe pathological Hypertrophy

Abnormal ^ in hormonal stimulation
^ resistance; more difficult for heart to. Pump blood
Physical obstruction and genetic defect

Cellular changes caused by hypertrophy

^ in: amount of membranes and organelles
ATP
Enzyme activity
Myofilaments

Hypertrophy limiting factors (what negative things does it cause)

Amount of vascular and nutrient supplies available

What is a ventricular septal defect

A ventricular septal defect (pronounced ven·tric·u·lar sep·tal de·fect) (VSD) is a birth defect of the heart in which there is a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. This wall also is called the ventricular septum.

Define hyperplasia
Response to..?
Affects what type of cells

^ organ size due to ^ cell numbers
Response to hormonal/ growth factor stimulation, can also be response to chronic tissue damage and cellular loss found in tissues with dividing cells (stable and labile)

Describe the process of how Cystic Endometrial Hypertrophy/ Hyperplasia is caused.

Excessive oestrogen is stimulated and ovary persistent Corpal Lutea—> ^ progesterone —>results in CEH

Cystic Endometrial Hypertrophy/ Hyperplasia LEADS TO what bacterial infection???

Progression to. pyometra —> secondary bacteria infection of mucosa which can lead to septic shock

What is cirrhosis

SCARRING OF LIVER CAUSED BY LIVER DAMAGE

Name the 3 steps of liver regeneration

1. Priming stage 2. Proliferative phase 3. Termination phase

Describe the process of liver regeneration

1. Priming stage: hepatocytes induced to be sensitive to growth factors with help o cytokines like TNF-a 2. proliferation: hepatocytes re-enter G1 phase from G0 with stimulation of growth factors 3. Termination: proliferation discontinued to maintain normal liver mass and function

Define Atrophy -caused by… -increase or decreased breakdown of proteins? 😅😊😌😙😜

Decrease in cell and organ size due to decreased nutrient supply/ function There is a decreased protein synthesis and ^ breakdown of proteins

Types of atrophy

Physiological Pathological Neurogenic

Describe Physiological Atrophy -related to what -what causes it

Decrease in cell number/ size Decreased organ size related to functional status or age (not using muscle enough) Caused by: altered/ decreased hormonal stimulation- uterus post partum/ mammary gland post lactation Caused by: apoptosis of individual cells- thymus with ageing

Describe Pathological Atrophy -regressive change usually due to what 5 reasons?

Regressive change usually due to gradual sustained injury caused by: 1.Nutrient deficiency 2.Disuse (muscles of a limb in cast) 3.Denervation (skeletal muscle fibre atrophy as consequence of damage) 4.Pressure (atrophy of tissues adjacent to space occupying lesions (masses/tumours) or fluid accumulation causing compression with decreased blood supply 5.Loss of endocrine stimulation (prolonged. Steroid therapy- atrophy of adrenalzona fasciculata)

What is atrophy caused by?

Malnutrition. (Cachexia)

Atrophy is observed during…

Chronic illness, neoplasia Circulating cytokines (TNFa), ^ lipid/protein catabolism & suppress appetite Temporal muscle and limbs. Atrophy in dogs

Define emaciation

pectoral (chest) muscle atrophy due to starvation

What does serous atrophy of fat look like? What does it suggest? What is it caused by?

Fat deposits depleted surround organs- yellowy clear gelatinous material Suggests starvation and caused by malnutrition, malabsorption, chronic infection, parasitism etc.

What is neurogenic atrophy

Loss of muscle due to nerve damage e.g pressure atrophy, hydrocephalus

Define hypoplasia

Failure to achieve normal size/full development Caused by inadequate growth development

Define aplasia/agenesis

Complete lack of development (completely missing)

Define metaplasia. Where does it occur most often

Replacement of adult cell type by a different adult cell type Most often in epithelial tissues

What does metaplasia cause?

Chronic persistent chemical and/or mechanical injury chronic inflammation Vit. A deficiency —> altered cellular differentiation programme hormonal stimulation

Most common type of metaplasia. Happens during what? Reversible?

Squamous metaplasia Chronic injury Possibly reversible if inciting cause removed

Define dysplasia

“Disordered growth” Generally referred to epithelium

Observations made during dysplasia

Loss of differentiation Lost of cell polarity Features of atypia