Cell injury 1

Question 1

Name the 6 cell membrane associated proteins

Answer 1

Cell surface marker
Transport channel
Enzyme
Cell adhesion
Cell surface receptor with second messenger system
Cytoskeletal anchors

Question 2

RER and Golgi responsible for…

Answer 2

Transcription
Translation
Modification
Packaging

Question 3

Alteration in any protein synthesis step can lead to…

Answer 3

Cell injury

Question 4

Cell injury leads to what?

Answer 4

Reversible injury—>normal cell
Irreversible injury—> necrosis or apoptosis

Question 5

Cell responses to cell stress/injury

Answer 5

1. Adaptive change
2. Defective/ inadequate develoment

Question 6

Types of adaptive change/ cellular adaptations

Answer 6

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

Question 7

Types of defective development caused by cell injury

Answer 7

Aphasia
Hypoplasia

Question 8

Cellular adaptation leads to…

Answer 8

Increased cellular activity (hypertrophy or hyperplasia)
Decreased cellular activity (atrophy)
Altered type I position (metaplasia or dysplasia)

Question 9

3 types of cell types

Answer 9

Labile
Stable/quiescent
Permanent/non dividing

Question 10

Labile cells

Answer 10

Short life span
High capacity to regenerate
Proliferate continuously

Question 11

Stable cells

Answer 11

Divide infrequently
Can regenerate when lost in response to injury

Question 12

Permanent cells

Answer 12

Divide only in foetal life
Cannot be replaced if lost, instead df repair occurs-> dead cells removed; replaced by matrix (collagen). Result-> continuity and strength of tissue maintained but specialised function lost

Question 13

Ex of Labile, stable and perm cells

Answer 13

Labile; BM stem cells, epidermal cells of skin, gut epithelium
Stable; liver hepatocytes, osteoblasts, myocytes
Perm; neurones, cardiomyocytes

Question 14

Hypertrophy;
definition
response to what?
induced by
Observed in what kind of cells

Answer 14

^ in organ size due to ^ in individual cell size
Response to ^ mechanical/metabolic
workload
Induced by mechanical stress, growth factors, chemicals/drug exposure
Stable and perm cells

Question 15

2 types of hypertrophy

Answer 15

Physiological
Pathological

Question 16

Describe physiological Hypertrophy
-example
-normal or not?

Answer 16

Reversible ^ in cardiac muscle due to ^ workload/stimulation
E.g child growing, pregnancy
It is normal

Question 17

Describe pathological Hypertrophy

Answer 17

Abnormal ^ in hormonal stimulation
^ resistance; more difficult for heart to. Pump blood
Physical obstruction and genetic defect

Question 18

Cellular changes caused by hypertrophy

Answer 18

^ in: amount of membranes and organelles
ATP
Enzyme activity
Myofilaments

Question 19

Hypertrophy limiting factors (what negative things does it cause)

Answer 19

Amount of vascular and nutrient supplies available

Question 20

What is a ventricular septal defect

Answer 20

A ventricular septal defect (pronounced ven·tric·u·lar sep·tal de·fect) (VSD) is a birth defect of the heart in which there is a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. This wall also is called the ventricular septum.

Question 21

Define hyperplasia
Response to..?
Affects what type of cells

Answer 21

^ organ size due to ^ cell numbers
Response to hormonal/ growth factor stimulation, can also be response to chronic tissue damage and cellular loss found in tissues with dividing cells (stable and labile)

Question 22

Describe the process of how Cystic Endometrial Hypertrophy/ Hyperplasia is caused.

Answer 22

Excessive oestrogen is stimulated and ovary persistent Corpal Lutea—> ^ progesterone —>results in CEH

Question 23

Cystic Endometrial Hypertrophy/ Hyperplasia LEADS TO what bacterial infection???

Answer 23

Progression to. pyometra —> secondary bacteria infection of mucosa which can lead to septic shock

Question 24

What is cirrhosis

Answer 24

SCARRING OF LIVER CAUSED BY LIVER DAMAGE

Question 25

Name the 3 steps of liver regeneration

Answer 25

1. Priming stage
2. Proliferative phase
3. Termination phase

Question 26

Describe the process of liver regeneration

Answer 26

1. Priming stage: hepatocytes induced to be sensitive to growth factors with help o cytokines like TNF-a
2. proliferation: hepatocytes re-enter G1 phase from G0 with stimulation of growth factors
3. Termination: proliferation discontinued to maintain normal liver mass and function

Question 27

Define Atrophy
-caused by…
-increase or decreased breakdown of proteins?
😅😊😌😙😜

Answer 27

Decrease in cell and organ size due to decreased nutrient supply/ function
There is a decreased protein synthesis and ^ breakdown of proteins

Question 28

Types of atrophy

Answer 28

Physiological
Pathological
Neurogenic

Question 29

Describe Physiological Atrophy
-related to what
-what causes it

Answer 29

Decrease in cell number/ size
Decreased organ size related to functional status or age (not using muscle enough)
Caused by: altered/ decreased hormonal stimulation- uterus post partum/ mammary gland post lactation
Caused by: apoptosis of individual cells- thymus with ageing

Question 30

Describe Pathological Atrophy
-regressive change usually due to what 5 reasons?

Answer 30

Regressive change usually due to gradual sustained injury caused by:
1.Nutrient deficiency
2.Disuse (muscles of a limb in cast)
3.Denervation (skeletal muscle fibre atrophy as consequence of damage)
4.Pressure (atrophy of tissues adjacent to space occupying lesions (masses/tumours) or fluid accumulation causing compression with decreased blood supply
5.Loss of endocrine stimulation (prolonged. Steroid therapy- atrophy of adrenalzona fasciculata)

Question 31

What is atrophy caused by?

Answer 31

Malnutrition. (Cachexia)

Question 32

Atrophy is observed during…

Answer 32

Chronic illness, neoplasia
Circulating cytokines (TNFa), ^ lipid/protein catabolism & suppress appetite
Temporal muscle and limbs. Atrophy in dogs

Question 33

Define emaciation

Answer 33

pectoral (chest) muscle atrophy due to starvation

Question 34

What does serous atrophy of fat look like? What does it suggest? What is it caused by?

Answer 34

Fat deposits depleted surround organs- yellowy clear gelatinous material
Suggests starvation and caused by malnutrition, malabsorption, chronic infection, parasitism etc.

Question 35

What is neurogenic atrophy

Answer 35

Loss of muscle due to nerve damage e.g pressure atrophy, hydrocephalus

Question 36

Define hypoplasia

Answer 36

Failure to achieve normal size/full development
Caused by inadequate growth development

Question 37

Define aplasia/agenesis

Answer 37

Complete lack of development (completely missing)

Question 38

Define metaplasia. Where does it occur most often

Answer 38

Replacement of adult cell type by a different adult cell type
Most often in epithelial tissues

Question 39

What does metaplasia cause?

Answer 39

Chronic persistent chemical and/or mechanical injury
chronic inflammation
Vit. A deficiency —> altered cellular differentiation programme hormonal stimulation

Question 40

Most common type of metaplasia. Happens during what? Reversible?

Answer 40

Squamous metaplasia
Chronic injury
Possibly reversible if inciting cause removed

Question 41

Define dysplasia

Answer 41

“Disordered growth”
Generally referred to epithelium

Question 42

Observations made during dysplasia

Answer 42

Loss of differentiation
Lost of cell polarity
Features of atypia