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Human Anatomy and Physiology I > Cell Growth > Flashcards

Cell Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Cell growth, maintenance, controlling structure and function

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2
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid- is made of two polymer strands twisted in a double-helix structure

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3
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

Alternating sugar and phosphate groups (salt)

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4
Q

Monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules forming a polymer

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5
Q

Polymer

A

large molecules made up of smaller, repeating units that are chemically connected to one another

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6
Q

Nucleotides

A

building blocks that form the structure of DNA & RNA

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of nucleotides?

A

(A) Adenine (T) Thymine (G) Guanine (C) Cytosine

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8
Q

Nucleotides are made of?

A

phosphoric acid (salt), nitrogenous base, and a sugar

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9
Q

Deoxyribose

A

is the sugar component in a nucleotide

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10
Q

How are nucleotides paired?

A

Adenine - Thymine (A-T)
Guanine - Cytosine (G-C)

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11
Q

What are nucleotides held by in DNA/RNA

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

Codons

A

a specific combination of 3 nucleotides that encode for a particular amino acid during protein synthesis

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13
Q

Amino acids

A

molecules that combine to form proteins.

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14
Q

Steps to form a codon

A

Nucleotides will code for amino acids. The amino acids will group together to form Codons

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15
Q

Transcription

A

DNA is converted to mRNA -it takes a strand of DNA as a template to build RNA

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16
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is used to make proteins

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17
Q

How do you get a molecule to a protein?

A

Through transcription and translation

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18
Q

The Central Dogma

A

a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein.

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19
Q

What links DNA and proteins

A

RNA

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20
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid- it’s present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA. RNA is most often single-stranded

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21
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA- a type of RNA molecule that is necessary for protein production.

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22
Q

Which stands is used to transcribe a gene?

A

The template strand

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23
Q

Where is the start codon of RNA in a DNA stand?

A

The AUG sequence

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24
Q

What does AUG start?

A

Transcription

25
Complementary RNA nucleotides
Three of the four nitrogenous bases that make up RNA — adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G) — are also found in DNA. In RNA, however, a base called uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) as the complementary nucleotide to adenine
26
During transcription.....
1. DNA provides information for protein production 2. RNA polymerase will separate the two stands of DNA 3. Complementary RNA nucleotides will be added to the template strand of DNA. 4. AUG is where the RNA polymerase begins 5. The Codon starts 6. Coding Sequence happens 7. The Codon ends 8. Transcription stops
27
In eukaryotic cells, transcription, and translation are physically separated by the membrane of the nucleus not making it possible to perform at the same time.
True
28
During Translation...
1. RNA strand is translated from RNA language to protein language 2. The sequence of nucleotides is translated into a sequence of amino acids 3. Ribosmoes provide a platform for mRNA molecules to couple with complimentary tRNA 4. mRNA and tRNA are fed through the ribosome and the amino acid attached to the tRNA molecule is added to the growing polypeptide chain 5. Nucleotides are translated into 20 different amino acids
29
Ribosomes
Control the production of proteins in the cell
30
tRNA
Transfer RNA- a small RNA molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis. Transfer RNA serves as a link (or adaptor) between the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein.
31
Anitcodon
a sequence of 3 nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a tRNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in mRNA
32
P Site
Where the ribosome holds the polypeptide chain and where the tRNA adds its amino acids ​
33
A Site
Where the tRNA molecule binds to the codons of the mRNA ​
34
E Site
Exit site- Where the tRNA is released from the ribosome and mRNA strands ​
35
methionine
An antioxidant- It may help protect the body from damage caused by ionizing radiation. It may detoxify harmful substances in the body, such as heavy metals. It may also prevent liver damage from acetaminophen poisoning. And it may help prevent fat deposits in your liver.
36
When does translation begin?
When tRNA delivers methionine to the P site and keeps the A site open for the second tRNA molecule to bind to. ​
37
When does translation end?
1. A stop codon reaches the A site in the ribosome. ​ 2. This codon does not have a complementary tRNA. ​ 3. A protein called release factor binds to the stop codon and adds water to the polypeptide chain. ​ 4. Adding water will release the polypeptide from the ribosome. ​ ​
38
Release Factor
a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognizing the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence.
39
What are the two major phases of the cell life cycle? ​
Growth and Reproduction
40
During the growth phase…​
A newly formed celled produces new molecules which construct the membrane, fibers, and other structures necessary for growth.
41
Cytoplasm
The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.
42
Anabolic Process
all the processes of chemical reactions that build larger molecules out of smaller molecules or atoms
43
Protein Synthesis
the creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various enzymes
44
What happens as a cell grows?
It produces additional cytoplasm and the plasma membrane needed to contain it.
45
What does the production of additional proteins mean?
more structural proteins are available to contribute to growth and more enzymes are available to catalyze the production of organic compounds. ​
46
DNA Replication​
1. The entire DNA replicates so that one set can go to the daughter cell 2. Enzymes allow the double helix (two strands) to unwind 3. Complimentary strands form along the unwound strands. Nucleotides become attached at their correct places along each strand. ​
47
What is happening at the end of growth phase?
Each of the DNA strands of the original DNA has a complete new complementary strand attached to it. ​
48
chromatids
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.
49
Centromere
The part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids together during cell division
50
S Phase
The phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G₁ phase and G₂ phase.
51
Maintenance Phase
G0- When a cells stops dividing
52
During S phase a great amount of cytoplasm growth caused by an increase in the production of proteins
True
53
M Phase
Mitosis- is the reproduction phase. Where two cells spit into two identical cells (The final step in the cell cycle)
54
Cytokinesis
The process when one cell physically divides into two identical daughter cells
55
Splitting of the nucleus, the cytoplasm and plasma membrane is called?
Cytokinesis
56
T/F- Mitochondria, organelles, cytoplasm and complete set of DNA​ is a necessary resource for an offspring to survive?
True
57
What are the 4 phases of Mitosis
1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase
58
Prophase
1. Occur when the cell begins to divides which is before cytokinesis

Human Anatomy and Physiology I (2 decks)

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