Cell Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Different Cells have different

A

Shapes depending on their function

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2
Q

The size of a cell is limited by its

A

Surface area-to-volume ratio

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3
Q

As a cell grow its volume

A

Increase much faster than its surface area

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4
Q

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

A

∙ Separates internal chemical reactions from external environment
∙ Regulates passage of material
∙ Made mostly of lipids & proteins

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

∙ Jelly-like liquid that fills the inside of cell
∙ Composed of water, salts, & proteins
∙ Median for chemical reactions

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6
Q

Nucleus (Nuclear Membrane)

A

∙ Filled w/ nucleoplasm & surrounded by a nuclear membrane
∙ Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA
∙ Site where DNA is transcribed into RNA

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7
Q

RNA

A

∙ Carries protein-building instructions to the ribosomes
∙ Travel to cytoplasm through pores in nuclear membrane

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8
Q

Chromatin (Chromosomes)

A

∙ When cell is diving the chromatin becomes a chromosome
∙ When not it remains as a threadlike material

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9
Q

Nucleolus

A

∙ Manufactures subunits that makeup ribosomes

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10
Q

Subunits

A

∙ 2 subunits: Large & Small
∙ Passes from nucleus - cytoplasm where they combine to form ribosomes

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

∙ Found free-floating by cytoplasm or attached to ER
∙ Most numerous cell organelle
∙ Composed of protein & RNA & not membrane-bound
∙ Site of protein synthesis

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12
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

∙ Proteins assembled by ribosomes on rough ER
∙ Vesicles transport to GA & GA completes modifications
∙ Proteins are packaged in vesicles & leave GA
∙ Vesicle containing enzymes remain in cell as lysosomes

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13
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

∙ Functions as intercellular highway
∙ Rough ER - covered w/ attached ribosomes & makes proteins
∙ Smooth ER - no ribosomes & makes lipids

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

∙ Appears as stack of loosely connected membranes
∙ Function - modify, sort, & package protein that comes from ER
∙ Completes modifications before protein is shipped off

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15
Q

Vesicle

A

∙ Small, spherical stack surrounded by single membrane
∙ Classified according to content
∙ Types include - transport vehicles, lysosomes, & peroxisomes

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

∙ From GA
∙ Filled w/ strong digestive enzymes & surrounded by think membrane
∙ Responsible for - destroying old organelles & destroying any debris that build up in the cell

17
Q

Peroxisome

A

∙ Not from GA
∙ Break down alcohols, fatty acids, kills bacteria, & produce hydrogen peroxide
∙ Converts hydrogen peroxide to water & oxygen

18
Q

Vacuole

A

∙ Storage area inside cell
∙ Stores water, salts, proteins, & carbohydrates

19
Q

Mitochondria

A

∙ Purpose - cellular respiration
∙ Have own DNA, inner & outer membrane, & carry out own replication
∙ 100s/1000s may be found in cell

20
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

∙ Process of converting glucose/sugar molecules into usable form of energy for cells

21
Q

Cristae

A

∙ Increase surface area for respiration

22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

∙ Network of protein tubes & fibers that help cell maintain shape
∙Provides shape & support from inside
∙ 2 types of fibers: microfilament & microtubes

23
Q

Microfilament

A

∙ Solid, threadlike, protein structures
∙ Helps cells move, bear mechanical stress, & give support

24
Q

Microtube

A

∙ Functions - maintaining cell shape, separation of chromosomes during cell division, & formation of cilia & flagella

25
Q

Centrioles

A

∙ 2 short cylinders at right angle to each other
∙ Found near nuclear membrane
∙ Organize microtubules during cell division to form framework for separating chromosomes