cell evolution

Question 1

phylogeny

Answer 1

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

phylogenies show evolutionary relationships

Question 2

differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

Location of DNA –
- in eukaryotic cells DNA is in the nucleus enclosed in a plasma membrane
- in prokaryotic cells it is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed called a nucleoid
Type of DNA
- Eukaryotes have linear DNA / prokaryotes have circular single stranded DNA
Organelles
- eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles
- prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles (though prokaryotic cells have regions surrounded by proteins
Size
- Eukaryotic cells are generally bigger

Question 2

differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

Location of DNA –
- in eukaryotic cells DNA is in the nucleus enclosed in a plasma membrane
- in prokaryotic cells it is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed called a nucleoid
Type of DNA
- Eukaryotes have linear DNA / prokaryotes have circular single stranded DNA
Organelles
- eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles
- prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles (though prokaryotic cells have regions surrounded by proteins
Size
- Eukaryotic cells are generally bigger

Question 3

how are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells similar

Answer 3

Bounded by plasma membrane
Contain cytosol
Contains chromosomes
Contain ribosomes

Question 4

taxonomy

Answer 4

how organisms are named and classified

Question 5

binomial system of naming species

Answer 5

Linnaeus
first part of the name is the genus
second part is the specific name - unique to each species within the genus
Genus has capital letter 
should be italics and latinised

Question 6

Linnaean classification system

Answer 6

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdoms , domains

“Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup”

Question 7

taxon

Answer 7

the named taxonic unit at any level

e.g. homo sapiens has two taxons

Question 8

phylogenetic tree

Answer 8

evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram

Question 9

branch point

Answer 9

represents the common ancestor of the two evolutionary lineages diverging from it

Question 10

sister taxa

Answer 10

groups of organisms that share the same immediate common ancestor that is not shared by any other group
the members of a sister group are each other’s closest relatives

Question 11

what defines a species

Answer 11

can reproduce to produce viable offspring

Question 12

how did Whittaker classify living things

Answer 12

5 kingdom classification

monera (prokaryotes) protista (small eukaryotes) plantae fungi animala

Question 13

how did Woese classify living things

Answer 13

Molecular approach - to define the different types of life
use of DNA to distinguish / the more related the DNA the more related the organisms
Prokaryotes - Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotes - plants, fungi, animals, protists

Question 14

homologies

Answer 14

phenotypic (appearance) and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry

Question 15

convergent evolution

Answer 15

when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages e.g. two animals that look similar but have different internal anatomy etc.
e.g. an echidnas quills and a cactus’s spines

Question 16

clade

Answer 16

a group which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants e.g. diprotodontia includes kangaroos and wombats

Question 17

what was needed on earth for the first life to appear

Answer 17

small molecules
abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
joining of these small molecules into macromolecules such as proteins and amino acids
the packaging of these molecules into protocells
the origin of self replicating molecules

Question 18

when did our planet form

Answer 18

4.6 billion years ago

Question 19

what was the Miller Urey experiment

Answer 19

created lab condition similar to those on Earth 4 billion years ago
showed that the Earth’s atmosphere was reducing environment in which organic compounds could have formed from simpler molecules
Miller produced amino acids

Question 20

more recent theories about where first organic molecules appeared

Answer 20

near volcanoes / hydrothermal vents - alkaline vents

meteorites

Question 21

protocell

Answer 21

droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different to their surroundings
vesicles formed when lipids or other organic molecules are added to water
vesicles can divide on their own