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Bio honors soleil > Cell Energy Transformations > Flashcards

Cell Energy Transformations Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the chemistry of life organized?

A

Into metabolic pathways

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2
Q

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy is neither created or destroyed

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3
Q

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

A

When energy changes form the entropy(disorder) of the surroundings increases.

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4
Q

Why is free energy necessary?

A

to drive endergonic(absorb energy) metabolic reactions

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5
Q

How is free energy released

A

released from exergonic(release energy) metabolic reactions

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6
Q

What is Metabolic Disequilibrium

A

Energy Coupling:Exergonic reactions fuel endergonic reactions

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7
Q

How does ATP powers cellular work

A

by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions

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8
Q

What is Mechanical Work

A

movement and contraction

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9
Q

What is Transport Work

A

moving substances across membranes

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10
Q

What is Chemical Work

A

providing the activation energy for enzyme catalyzed reactions

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11
Q

What is ATP

A

the main energy intermediate of life throughout the biosphere

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12
Q

What do producers do

A

Producers convert and store the energy in sunlight or inorganic chemicals into the bond between ADP(Adenosine Diphosphate) and a phosphate group which creates ATP(Adenosine triphosphate)

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13
Q

What do consumers do

A

Consumers convert and store the energy in nutrients into the bond between ADP(Adenosine Diphosphate) and a phosphate group which creates ATP(Adenosine triphosphate)

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14
Q

What is in the structure of ATP

A

Ribose (5 pentose sugar), Adenine (nitrogenous base), 3 Phosphate (PO4) groups, Since all three phosphate groups are negatively charged, high potential energy bonds are required to keep them attached to the molecule

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15
Q

What is Creatine Phosphate (CP)

A

Creatine Phosphate (CP) gives up its phosphate to ADP such that ADP can be recharged into ATP, Creatine Phosphate may also be used for immediate energy needs, Creatine supplements are popular among athletes because they allow more ADP to be recharged

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16
Q

What is the Phosphorylation of ADP

A

Phosphocreatine and ADP anabolically combine to form ATP for temporary energy storage, ATP synthase is the enzyme which lowers the activation energy of this reaction

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17
Q

What is the ATP/ADP Cycle

A

The catabolism(hydrolysis) of ATP into ADP and a phosphate group, The anabolism (dehydration synthesis:phosphorylation) of ATP from ADP and phosphocreatine, This is a cycle ADP can be reused over and over again like an enzyme

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18
Q

math of ATP

A

The catabolism of glucose liberates 686 Calories per mole, The anabolism of ATP stores ~7 Calories per mole, Most cellular reactions require less than 1 Calorie per mole

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19
Q

Efficiency of ATP

A

Cellular respiration transfers the energy from glucose into 30-36ATP, 36 ATP X 7 Cal/mole= 252 Cal/mole , (252 ÷ 686) X100=37% Energy efficiency

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20
Q

What happens to light energy from the sun during photosynthesis?

A

Light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy, which is stored in the bond formed between ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and P (phosphate) to create ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

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21
Q

Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in plants?

A

The leaf is the main organ where photosynthesis occurs, Within the leaf the mesophyll layer contains mesophyll cells, Inside the mesophyll cells are chloroplast organelles, Chloroplasts are the primary site of photosynthesis.

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22
Q

How do plants acquire the resources needed for growth and photosynthesis?

A

Plants acquire water through their roots, Carbon dioxide is absorbed through the stomata on their leaves, Additional nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, are obtained from the soil.

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23
Q

What are the two main intermediate reactions in photosynthesis?

A

Photolysis (Light-Dependent Reaction): A catabolic process where water is split to release oxygen, electrons, and protons.

Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reaction): An anabolic process where carbon dioxide is fixed into glucose using ATP and NADPH.

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24
Q

What is photolysis in photosynthesis?

A

Photolysis is a light-dependent, catabolic reaction that relies on light energy to excite electrons in pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids

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25
Q

What happens to water molecules during photolysis?

A

Water molecules are split, releasing:
Oxygen (O₂) as a waste product.
Hydrogen ions (H⁺), which are carried by NADPH

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26
Q

What is the energy released during photolysis used for?

A

The energy from excited electrons is used to:
Split water molecules.
Create ATP through chemical reactions.

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27
Q

What are the products of photolysis, and what are their roles?

A

Products:
Oxygen (O₂): Released as a waste product.
ATP and NADPH: Used in the Calvin Cycle to build glucose.

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28
Q

What is the Calvin Cycle, and what does it use to form glucose?

A

The Calvin Cycle is a light-independent, anabolic reaction that uses:
ATP and H⁺ (carried by NADPH) from photolysis
CO₂ from the atmosphere
to form glucose.

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29
Q

How is chemical energy stored during the Calvin Cycle?

A

The chemical energy from ATP becomes stored in the chemical bonds within the glucose molecule formed during the Calvin Cycle

30
Q

What is RUBISCO, and what role does it play in the Calvin Cycle?

A

RUBISCO is an enzyme and the most abundant protein in the world. It lowers the activation energy for the first phase of the Calvin Cycle: carbon fixation.

31
Q

What is the chemical equation for photolysis?

A

Light Energy + H₂O + ADP + Pi + NADP⁺ → ATP + NADPH + O₂

32
Q

What is the chemical equation for the Calvin Cycle?

A

ATP + NADPH + CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ + ADP + Pi + NADP⁺

33
Q

What is the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6H₂O + 6CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

34
Q

What is the role of accessory pigments in photosynthesis?

A

Accessory pigments absorb wavelengths of light not absorbed by chlorophyll (e.g., green, blue, indigo, violet) and pass the excited electrons to chlorophyll to excite its electrons.

35
Q

What happens when plants stop producing chlorophyll?

A

When plants stop making chlorophyll, the colors of the accessory pigments are unmasked and become visible.

36
Q

What are carotenoids, and what do they reflect?

A

Carotenoids are accessory pigments that reflect orange and yellow light.

37
Q

What are anthocyanins and tannins, and what do they reflect?

A

Anthocyanins: Produced only in the fall, they reflect red with the addition of sugars.
Tannins: Reflect brown.

38
Q

What is the significance of blue, indigo, and violet light in photosynthesis?

A

Blue, indigo, and violet light have the shortest wavelengths.
Shorter wavelengths produce the greatest excitation of electrons.
More excited electrons lead to more ATP production.
Plants must absorb blue light for efficient photosynthesis.

39
Q

What happens to light that is not absorbed by chloroplasts?

A

Light that is not absorbed by chloroplasts is reflected by objects in the environment.
When light is reflected, it bounces back at a longer wavelength (red).
A plentiful amount of red light is reflected.

40
Q

What does chlorophyll require for its synthesis?

A

Chlorophyll requires a great deal of ATP and water to be synthesized.

41
Q

Why do plants stop producing chlorophyll in the fall?

A

In the fall, there is less water available to make chlorophyll and less light for photosynthesis.

42
Q

What happens when plants stop producing chlorophyll?

A

When plants stop producing chlorophyll, the underlying pigments, such as carotenoids and anthocyanins, become visible, causing the leaves to change color.

43
Q

Why do leaves have a large surface area?

A

Leaves have a large surface area to maximize light absorption for photosynthesis.

44
Q

What is the function of stomata on the underside of the leaf?

A

Stomata on the underside of the leaf allow for:
CO₂ absorption
O₂ removal
H₂O loss via transpiration

45
Q

What problem do C3 plants face in hot, arid conditions, and how do they solve it?

A

Problem: C3 plants close their stomata to conserve water, but this causes oxygen buildup, leading RUBISCO to initiate photorespiration instead of photosynthesis.
Solution: C4 and CAM plants evolved alternative methods for carbon fixation to avoid photorespiration or water loss.

46
Q

What are C4 and CAM plants, and how do they adapt to extreme conditions?

A

C4 Plants (Avoid O₂): Have a unique leaf structure and an alternative carbon fixation pathway using a four-carbon compound to avoid photorespiration (e.g., corn, sugarcane).
CAM Plants (Avoid H₂O Loss): Use the C4 pathway and keep stomata closed during the day, performing the Calvin Cycle at night (e.g., cacti, pineapple plants).

47
Q

What is the primary source of energy harnessed on Earth?

A

The majority of energy harnessed on Earth originates from the sun.

48
Q

How do organisms obtain energy from solar energy indirectly?

A

Organisms performing cellular (aerobic) or anaerobic respiration consume biomatter filled with nutrients that were ultimately synthesized using solar energy.

49
Q

How do animals acquire the matter and energy necessary for growth and development?

A

Animals acquire matter and energy based on their niche within the food web, consuming other organisms as a source of nutrients and energy.

50
Q

What are examples of energy transfer within the food web?

A

Primary consumers eat producers (e.g., herbivores eat plants).
Secondary consumers eat primary consumers (e.g., carnivores eat herbivores).

51
Q

What is the first step of respiration, and what does it involve?

A

The first step of respiration is glycolysis, the splitting of glucose:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 2ATP + 4ADP + 4Pi → 2C₃H₄O₃ (pyruvate) + 4ATP + 2ADP + 2Pi
Net result: Glucose → 2 Pyruvates + 2ATP

52
Q

Where does glycolysis occur, and in what types of respiration is it involved?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm (cytosol) of all organisms and is part of both aerobic and anaerobic (fermentation) respiration.

53
Q

What is the second step of cellular (aerobic) respiration, and what is its equation?

A

The second step is the formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A:
2 Pyruvate → 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 CO₂

54
Q

Where does the formation of Acetyl CoA occur, and under what conditions?

A

This step occurs in the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen (O₂). It is the first step of aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.

55
Q

What is the third step of cellular (aerobic) respiration, and what is its equation?

A

The third step is the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle):
2 Acetyl CoA + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 4 CO₂ + 2 ATP
Energy intermediates NADH and FADH₂ are also produced for use in the fourth step.

56
Q

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur, and what does it produce?

A

The Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
It produces:

4 CO₂ (waste)
2 ATP (energy)
NADH and FADH₂ (energy intermediates).

57
Q

What is the fourth step of cellular (aerobic) respiration, and what is its equation?

A

The fourth step is the Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation:
6 O₂ + ADP + Pi → 6 H₂O + ATP

58
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur, and how much ATP is produced?

A

The Electron Transport Chain occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
It produces the majority of ATP during cellular respiration, with around 28–34 ATP molecules generated.

59
Q

What is the overall equation for cellular (aerobic) respiration?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP

60
Q

What happens during glycolysis in cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis splits glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) into 2 pyruvates, producing a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.

61
Q

What steps of cellular respiration use oxygen, and what are their outputs?

A

Formation of Acetyl CoA, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, and Oxidative Phosphorylation use oxygen (O₂).
Outputs: ATP molecules, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water (H₂O) as waste products.

62
Q

What macromolecules can be broken down to yield ATP via cellular respiration?

A

Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates can all be broken down to yield ATP through cellular respiration.

63
Q

Which macromolecule provides the most efficient pathway to ATP production?

A

Glucose provides the most efficient pathway to ATP production in cellular respiration.

64
Q

What are the waste byproducts of aerobic respiration, and how do they affect ATP production?

A

Aerobic respiration produces simpler waste byproducts, such as CO₂, allowing more energy to be available for recharging ATP from ADP and creatine phosphate.

65
Q

How does the efficiency of aerobic respiration benefit organisms?

A

The higher efficiency of aerobic respiration enables organisms to be more complex, active, and have longer lifespans.

66
Q

What happens if an organism does not have access to oxygen or lacks the machinery to utilize it?

A

If oxygen is unavailable or the organism cannot utilize it, fermentation occurs instead of aerobic respiration.

67
Q

What are the products of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation?

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation: 2 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP
Alcoholic Fermentation: 2 Ethanol + 2 CO₂ + 2 ATP

68
Q

Why is alcoholic fermentation advantageous to brewers, vintners, and bakers?

A

Brewers and Vintners: Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol, essential for making beer and wine.
Bakers: The CO₂ produced helps bread dough rise by creating air pockets.

69
Q

How are photosynthetic and respiring organisms interdependent?

A

Photosynthetic organisms produce oxygen and glucose.
Respiring organisms use oxygen and glucose to produce ATP, releasing carbon dioxide.
Oxygen from photosynthesizers supports respiration, while carbon dioxide from respiration is used in photosynthesis.

70
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interdependent?

A

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used in cellular respiration to create ATP, releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.
Cellular respiration produces the carbon dioxide and water needed for photosynthesis to create glucose and oxygen.
This cycle is continuous and interdependent, with each process providing the necessary inputs for the other.

71
Q
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72
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