cell energy

Question 1

Autotroph

Answer 1

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

Question 2

Light Reactions

Answer 2

use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH.

Question 3

Photosynthesis

Answer 3

he process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.

Question 3

Chlorophyll

Answer 3

the natural compound present in green plants that gives them their color.

Question 4

Calvin cycle

Answer 4

a part of photosynthesis, the process plants and other autotrophs use to create nutrients from sunlight and carbon dioxide

Question 5

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 5

a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

NADPH

Answer 6

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Question 7

Pigment

Answer 7

the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.

Question 8

Granum

Answer 8

a coin-shaped stack of thylakoids, which are the membrane-like structures found inside the chloroplasts of plant cells

Question 9

Stomata

Answer 9

any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.

Question 10

Carbon Fixation

Answer 10

the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic molecules by autotrophic organisms.

Question 11

Heterotrophs

Answer 11

A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.

Question 12

Thylakoids

Answer 12

internal photosynthetic membrane systems of chloroplasts

Question 13

Carotenoids

Answer 13

tetraterpene pigments, which exhibit yellow, orange, red and purple colors.

Question 14

Mitochondrial matrix

Answer 14

the site of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

Question 15

Aerobic respiration

Answer 15

the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food

Question 16

Fermentation

Answer 16

the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.

Question 17

NAD+

Answer 17

acts as a substrate that is irreversibly degraded by NAD+-consuming enzymes, including the SIRTs, PARPs, and CD38.

Question 18

Alcoholic fermentation

Answer 18

a biological process by which sugar is converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide

Question 19

Glycolysis

Answer 19

splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules

Question 20

NADH

Answer 20

a coenzyme found in all living cells;

Question 21

Anaerobic

Answer 21

relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen.

Question 22

Cellular respiration

Answer 22

a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP

Question 23

Krebs cycle

Answer 23

a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide.

Question 24

Pyruvic acid

Answer 24

the simplest α-ketoacid

Question 25

Citric acid

Answer 25

Citric acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOC(CO 2H)(CH 2CO 2H) 2.