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chapter 4 > cell energy > Flashcards

cell energy Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions in/of a cell

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2
Q

simple diffusion

A

substance moves down its concentration gradient without the use of a transport protein

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3
Q

Channel Protein

A

Allows a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasmamembrane freely

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4
Q

endergonic reaction

A

requires input of energy (absorb energy) to proceed or build

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5
Q

oxidation–reduction (redox) reaction

A

transfers energized electrons fron one molecule to another

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6
Q

activation energy

A

amount of energy required to start a reaction

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7
Q

positive feedback

A

amplifying or magnifying the change or output.

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8
Q

Going “up” a concentration gradient

A

From an area of lower to higher concentration

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9
Q

Going “down” a concentration gradient

A

From an area of higher to lower concentration

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10
Q

Concentration gradient

A

More of a substance on one side of the membrane

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11
Q

Cell Recognition Protein

A

glycoproteins that have several functions, such as recognition of pathogens. These proteins serve as a cell’s “identity badge”. If the cells of you immune system see a cell in your body that doesn’t have the correct glycoproteins sticking out of it.

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12
Q

plasma membrane function

A

Regulates the entrance and exit of molecules into and out of the cell

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13
Q

isotonic solution

A

solute concentration is the same as the inside of the cell (equal inside and outside of cell)

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14
Q

Enzymatic Protein

A

atalyzes a specific reaction.

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15
Q

passive transport

A

does not require the cell to exert any of its energy to accomplish the movement involves diffusion

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16
Q

selective permeability

A

A feature and a function of the plasma membrane that is essential to maintain homeostasis by regulating the passage of some substances while preventing others from entering the cell

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17
Q

plasma membrane structure

A

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Hydrophilic(water-loving) polar heads
Hydrophobic(water-fearing) nonpolar tails
Cholesterol (animal cells)

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18
Q

measures food

A

kilocalories

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19
Q

releases energy to fuel endergonic reactions

A

atp hydrolysis

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20
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

chemical energy, concentration energy across a membrane

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21
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

energy transformations are inefficiant because every reaction loses some energy to the surroundings as heat

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22
Q

osmosis

A

simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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23
Q

Facilitated transport

A

Facilitated transportSmall molecules that are not lipid-solubleMolecules follow the concentration gradientEnergy is not require

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24
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

can be converted to other forms

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25
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

removing the endmost phosphate group of ATP to yield ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a free phosphate group. The cell uses the released energy to do work

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26
Q

2 types of proteins located in the plasma membrane

A

Peripheral proteins –associated with only 1 side of membrane

Integral proteins –span the membrane and can protrude from 1 or both sides, Can move laterally

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27
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

substance move across membrane with assistance from transport proteins

28
Q

kinetic energy

A

action, energy of motion

light, sound waves, moving objects

29
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicle fuses with cell membrane, releasing substances outside of cell, becoming part of cytoplasma

30
Q

example of diffusion

A

tea bag
breathing
blood cells

31
Q

enzyme

A

organic molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction without being consumed, most are proteins

32
Q

cofacters

A

enzyme partner, must bepresent for enzme to catalyze a chemical reaction

33
Q

phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

A

cell captures and engulfs LARGE particles such as debri or even another cell

Liquids and small particles dissolved in liquid

34
Q

hypotonic solution

A

(more water in, less water out) solute concentration is lower than it is inside the cell, cell gains water

35
Q

measures energy

A

calories

36
Q

active site

A

region where substrates bind,they fit like puzzle pieces

37
Q

what are some energy conversions that occur in cells

A

cellular respiration

photosynthesis

38
Q

reduction

A

gain of electron

39
Q

concentration gradient

A

occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another

40
Q

what are the 3 enzme inhibiters

A

normal binding -active site, fits like a puzzle piece
noncompetitive inhibition-substance binds in a place other than active site
competative inhibition-physically blocks enzme’s active site

41
Q

negative feedback

A

feeds back to the input a part of a system’s output so as to REVERSE the direction of change of the output. aka feedback inhibition

42
Q

coupled reactions

A

simultaneous reactions in which one provides the energy that drives the other
examples are atp hydrolysis and atp productions

43
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area where they are at a higher concentration to areas where they are at a lower concentration

44
Q

Receptor Protein

A

shaped in such a way that a specific molecule can bind to it.

45
Q

Entropy

A

randomness, disorder

46
Q

active transport

A

carrier protein requires atp to move a substance against its concentration gradient

example= sodium-potassium pump

47
Q

phosphorylating

A

transferring its hosphate group to anothermolecule

48
Q

hypertonic solution

A

(more water out, less in) higher concentration on the outside of the cell, cell loses water

49
Q

Why do animals cells burst in a hypotonic solution but plant cells do not?

A

plant cells have cell walls and animal cells do not

50
Q

Differentially permeableFactors that determine how a substance may be transported across a plasma membrane

A

Size

Nature of molecule –polarity, charg

51
Q

study of energy transformations

A

thermodynamics

52
Q

transport using vesicles

A

vesicles carry large partacles into or out of a cell, requires energy input

53
Q

turgor pressure

A

resulting force of water against the cell wall ( a wilted leaf has lost its turgor pressure)

54
Q

electron transport chain

A

each protein accepts an electron from the molecule before it and passes it to the next

55
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electron

56
Q

gradient

A

difference between two neighboring regions

57
Q

factors that influence the rate of diffusion

A

Temperature-As temperature increases, the rate of diffusion increases
Pressure
Electrical currents
Molecular size

58
Q

Carrier Protein

A

electively interacts with a specific molecule or ion so that it can cross the plasma membrane

59
Q

The sodium-potassium pump using what type of protein to transport across the plasma membrane

A

carrier protein

60
Q

exergonic reaction

A

release energy to brake down

61
Q

ATP structure

A

nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

62
Q

Energy

A

ability to do work

63
Q

solutes

A

the substance that is being dissolved

64
Q

ATP adenosine triphosphate

A

nucleotide
temporarily stores potential energy in its high energy phosphate
all cells depend on this to power their activities
generated by cellular respiration

65
Q

endocytosis

A

membrane engulfs incoming substance enclosing it in a vesicle, entering inside the cell

66
Q

energy from exergonic reactions fuel

A

atp productions

chapter 4 (1 decks)

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