Cell Divsion/ science end of Q1 test Flashcards
Organelles
Tiny cellular structures with specific functions.
Analogous to the organs in the body.
Found in eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) with DNA in a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) lack membrane-bound organelles and have freely floating DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm.
Ribosomes
Organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
Present in both plant and animal cells.
Can be free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to membranes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
System of folded membranes for protein, lipid, and material synthesis.
Found in both plant and animal cells.
Acts as a transportation system within the cell.
Can be rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (without ribosomes).
Golgi Complex
Organelle for packaging and modifying lipids and proteins.
Found in both plant and animal cells.
Resembles stacks of pancakes.
Facilitates the transport of modified materials within or out of the cell.
Lysosomes
Vesicles primarily in animal cells containing digestive enzymes.
Responsible for intracellular digestion.
Break down waste materials, worn-out organelles, and foreign invaders.
Analogous to the cell’s stomach. trash guys.
Cell Membrane
Found in both plant and animal cells.
In plants, it’s inside the cell wall; in animals, it’s the outer layer.
Supports, protects, and controls material movement in and out of the cell.
Maintains homeostasis and is selectively permeable.
Nucleus
Found in both plant and animal cells.
Large, often central, controlling cell activities and housing genetic material (DNA).
Mitochondria
Found in both plant and animal cells.
Bean-shaped with inner membranes.
Break down sugar molecules to produce ATP, the cell’s chemical energy.
Often referred to as the “Powerhouse” of the cell.
Vacuoles
Large central vacuoles in plant cells; smaller ones in animal cells.
Store food, water, and waste materials. storage unit.
Cytoplasm
Found in both plant and animal cells.
Clear, jelly-like substance.
Supports and protects organelles, keeps them in place.
Allows for the free movement of certain materials within the cell.
Also found in prokaryotic cells.
Interphase
This is like the normal, everyday life of the cell. It’s not dividing, but it’s growing and doing its usual activities. During this time, the cell’s DNA gets copied to prepare for cell division.
Mitosis Begins (Prophase):
Imagine the cell getting ready for a big race. In this phase, the DNA in the nucleus starts to pack up tightly, like rolling up a string of beads into little balls (we call them chromosomes). The cell also opens the door (breaks down the nuclear membrane) to get ready for the race.
Mitosis (Metaphase):
Now, the chromosomes all line up neatly in the middle of the cell, like race cars at a starting line. They make sure they’re at the same distance from each end of the cell.
Mitosis (Anaphase):
It’s time for the race! The chromosomes (which are like race cars) split apart and get pulled to opposite ends of the cell by some special helpers called centrioles and spindle fibers. They’re like pulling the cars to opposite sides of the racetrack.
Mitosis (Telophase):
After the race, the cell needs to settle down again. So, it builds a new wall around each group of chromosomes to make two new cells. These cells are identical twins because they have the same genetic information.
