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ap bio > cell division/embryology/energy > Flashcards

cell division/embryology/energy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

interphase

A 
when cell isn’t dividing
Gap 1 = cell growth
S = DNA Doubles
centrioles double
Gap 2= cell growth and prep for division
longest stage of cell cycle
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2
Q

checkpoints

A
  • internal and external signals provide stop and go signals at checkpoints
  • cyclins and cyclin dependant kinases control the cycle
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3
Q

checkpoint failure?

A

often causes mutations and genomic arrangements resulting in genetic instability
birth defects + cancer

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4
Q

cell cycle

A
  • mitotic phase and interphase alternate
  • highly regulated
  • checkpoints determine fate of the cell
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5
Q

diploid cells

A

2 sets of each chromosome- 1 from each parent

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6
Q

haploid cells

A

1/2 chromosomes 23

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7
Q

prophase

A

1st phase- condensation of chromosomes, disappearance of nucleolus, chromatids condense (chromosome x’s), microtubules are made for structure

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8
Q

metaphase

A

2nd phase- chomosomes attach to microtubules. start to be pulled towards edges, chromosomes line up in a line in the middle of the cell

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9
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes separate, egg shape, ana=back

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10
Q

telophase

A

crease forms between cells, chromosomes go back to chromatin

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11
Q

cleavage

A

fission between 2 new cells before they break, done by cytokinesis

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12
Q

mitosis

A
  • decision of nucleus of 2 diploid, (2n) somatic cells

- asexual reproduction, growth, repair

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13
Q

binary fission

A

cell division of prokaryotes

  • DNA doubles
  • cell elongates
  • cell splits in half
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14
Q

G (sub 0)

A

takes place after G1

  • cells get stuck and never return to cell cycle
  • cells of the central nervous system
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15
Q

cytokinesis

A

divides the cytoplasm of the daughter cells equally
in plant cells- cell plate
in animal cells- cleavage furrow

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16
Q

meiosis

A
  • makes sexual reproduction possible
  • Haploid (n) gametes are produced from germ cells
  • nuclear division of gametes
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17
Q

zygote

A

1st cell formed after fertilization

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18
Q

what triggers a cell to divide?

A
  • size
  • demand
  • DNA signal
  • cancer/damaged DNA
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19
Q

what stops cell division?

A
  • dna signal
  • cell touching borders
  • death
  • demand changes
  • gametes
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20
Q

hayflick limit

A

number of times a cell can divide before it dies
~50
telomeres get shower with each cell division, when telomeres are gone, cell dies
ends seem to unravel
why we age and die

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21
Q

telomere

A

compound structure at the end of a chromosome

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22
Q

homologous chromosome

A
  • 2 of each chromosome exists in each cell, except gametes
  • they are identical in the types/locations of genes
  • 1 set is from dad and one from mom
  • orientation during meiosis is random, ensuring a nice mix of each
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23
Q

fertilization

A
  • fusion of gametes
  • increases variation
  • restores diploid number
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24
Q

meiosis I

A

(1st of 2 rounds)

  • crossing over, mix up DNA
  • chromosomes reduced to 23 duplicated chromosomes
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25
Q

meiosis II

A

turns 23 duplicated chromosomes into 23 unduplicated chromosomes

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26
Q

telomerase

A
  • prevents unraveling and can lengthen telomere
  • some cancer cells produce it
  • HeLa cells from Henrietta Lax- good for research bc they’re immortal
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27
Q

stages of development

A

egg & sperm-> fertilization -> cleavage -> gastrulation -> organogenesis -> metamorphosis

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28
Q

cleavage

A

division of zygote into smaller cells every 12-24 hours

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29
Q

morula

A

solid ball of cells

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30
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells

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31
Q

gastrulation

A
  • the movement of cells to create germ layers
  • starts at dorsal lip
  • results in gastrula
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32
Q

deuterstomes

A

anus is made first

33
Q

protostomes

A

mouth is made first

34
Q

3 germ layers

A

ectoderm (skin, nervous system, teeth, eyes)
mesoderm (blood, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, and lymphatic system)
endoderm (the tube- lining of respiratory, excretory, reproductive and digestive sys)

35
Q

noggin and chordin (signals examples)

A

induce mesoderm to change to muscle and notochord (spine)

36
Q

homeotic selector genes

A

genes whose expression affects the overall body plans/sequences
ex) bithorax/antennapedia

37
Q

organogenesis

A
  • organ formation begins

- apoptosis and gene activation/silencing are v important

38
Q

apoptosis

A

“cell suicice”- hollows out blood vessels, creates fingers and toes, necessary for proper brain development and more

39
Q

complete metamorphosis

A

-egg
-larva
-pupa
-adult
(butterflies, mosquito , beetles, frogs)

40
Q

aging

A

depends on genes and environment

as we age our cells are less likely to divide and more likely to die

41
Q

cellular respiration

A

extracting the energy from sugars and other fuels and storing them in the bonds of ATP

42
Q

uses of ATP

A

a ton! same examples are transport, metabolism, bioluminesce

43
Q

metabolism

A
  • all of an organisms chemical reactions
  • very responsive to subtle changes (enzymes regulate)
  • tends to follow in a metabolic pathway
44
Q

anabolism + catabolism =

A

metabolism

45
Q

correlation between metabolic rate and unit body mass

A

inverse relationship- bigger animals have a slower metabolic rate and tend to live longer

46
Q

kinetic energy

A

associated with the relative motion of objects, moving objects can perform work by imparting motion to other matter
-can also show up as heat or light

47
Q

heat/thermal energy

A
  • kinetic energy associated w the random movement of atoms or molecules
  • exergonic relations vice endotherms their body temp
48
Q

ectotherms

A

rely on environment for body temp

49
Q

endotherms

A

warm blooded, exergonic reactions

50
Q

potential energy

A

an object not in motion that has energy bc of its location or structure, can also be chemical

51
Q

chemical energy

A
  • PE stored in bonds, ready for chemical release

- ATP!!

52
Q

thermodynamics

A

study of energy transformations or the effects of work, heat, and energy on a system

53
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A
  • energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
  • energy flows
  • known as the principal of conservation of energy
54
Q

what happens to energy after it has performed work?

A
  • some lost as heat, into surroundings

- heat doesn’t really help organisms except for body temp

55
Q

trophic level

A

energy chain level

56
Q

entropy

A

measure of disorder or randomness

-losing energy makes world more disordered

57
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A
  • energy transfer or transformation increases entropy of the universe
  • there’s an unstoppable trend towards randomization of biological systems and the universe as a whole
58
Q

spontaneous processes

A
  • a process that occurs without the input of energy
  • energetically favorable, not necessarily quick
  • increases entropy
59
Q

free energy

A

energy available to do work

  • excess free energy results in storage or growth
  • insufficient results in loss of mass and ultimately death
60
Q

sources of free energy

A
  • photosynthetic orgs: the sun
  • chemosynthetic orgs: small inorganic molecules
  • heterotrophs: metabolize lipids, carbs, and proteins
61
Q

Gibbs Free Energy

A

🔺G=🔺H- T 🔺S

🔺G= free or available energy in a system
🔺H= enthalpy or total energy in a system, usually hear 
🔺S= entropy or disorder of a system
T= temp in Kelvin
62
Q

Decrease 🔺H

A

decrease 🔺G

63
Q

Increase T

A

decrease 🔺G

64
Q

Increase 🔺S

A

decrease 🔺G

65
Q

negative change in free energy (- 🔺G)

A

spontaneous, exergonic, increase enthalpy

66
Q

increase in free energy, (+ 🔺G)

A

non-spontaneous, endergonic, decreases enthalpy

67
Q

photosynthesis energy

A

-endergonic, decreases entropy, +🔺G, activation E = the sun

68
Q

cell respiration energy

A

exergonic, increases entropy, -🔺G

69
Q

bioenergetic

A

overall flow of energy in an animal

-determines nutritional needs, and is related to the animals size, activity, and environment

70
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

minimum metabolic rate for basic functions such as maintenance, heart beat, respiration, etc

71
Q

relationship between overall metabolic rate and body bass

A

constant and linear

72
Q

G1

A

cell grows and prepares to duplicate its DNA

73
Q

S phase (Synthesis)

A

chromosomes are duplicated

74
Q

G2

A

2nd growth phase, cell prepared to divide, replication is checked for integrity, errors are corrected, repairs are made

75
Q

cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)

A

enzymes that that turn on or off various processes that take place in cell division, partners with cyclins

76
Q

primary productivity

A

the rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds in an ecosystem
-2 aspects: gross productivity and net productivity

77
Q

gross productivity

A

the entire photosynthetic production of organic compounds in an ecosystem

78
Q

net productivity

A

organic materials that remain after photosynthetic organisms in the ecosystem have used some of these compounds for their cellular energy needs (cellular respiration)

ap bio (3 decks)

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