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Cell Biology > Cell Division, Cell Cycle and Differentiation > Flashcards

Cell Division, Cell Cycle and Differentiation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Genome

A

All the DNA in a cell constitutes the cell’s genome.

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2
Q

Explain what chromatin is

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

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3
Q

Explain what somatic cells are

A

Somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) have two sets of chromosomes

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4
Q

Explain what gametes are

A

Reproductive cells: sperm and egg, have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

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5
Q

How are chromosomes distributed during eukaryotic cell division?

A

In preparation for cell division, DNA is replicated and the chromosome condenses

Each duplicate chromosome has two sister chromatids (joined copies of the original chromosome), attached along their lengths by cohesion

The centromere is the narrow ‘waist’ of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached

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6
Q

What are the 2 main stages of eukaryotic cell division and explain them?

A

Mitosis - the division of the genetic material in the nucleus

Cytokinesis - the division of the cytoplasm

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7
Q

What type of reproduction produced gametes?

A

Gametes are produced by a variation of cell division called meiosis

Meiosis yields nonidentical daughter cells that have half as many chromosomes as the parent cells

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8
Q

What are the 2 main phases in the cell cycle?

A

Mitotic (M) phase - mitosis and cytokinesis

Interphase - cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the cell cycle?

A

For cells to grow and divide

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10
Q

What percent of the cell cycle is interphase and what subphases can it be divided into?

A

Interphase makes up 90 of the cell cycle, it can be divided into:

G1 phase

S phase

G2 phase

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11
Q

At what stage of the cell cycle do chromosomes duplicate?

A

S phase

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12
Q

Name the 4 phases of the cell cycle, what is also included in the cell cycle?

A

G1 - Gap 1

S - DNA Synthesis

G2 - Gap 2

M - mitotic phase

G0 - super rest

R - Restriction phase

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13
Q

Name and explain the stages of mitosis

A

Prophase - breakdown of nuclear membrane; microtubules from mitotic spindle apparatus, chromosomes condense

Metaphase - Chromosomes fully attached to the spindle

Anaphase - Microtubule motor and spindle shortening pull chromosomes to the sister poles

Telophase - Chromosomes decondensed and nuclear envelopes are formed; cytokinesis

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14
Q

Name and Explain the 2 transient cytoskeleton structures that mediate M phase in animal cells

A

Mitotic spindle and contractile ring

The mitotic spindle assembles first to separate the duplicated chromosomes. Then, the contractile ring assembles to divide the cell in two. Whereas the mitotic spindle is based on microtubules, the contractile ring is based on actin and myosin filaments.

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15
Q

Explain what a mitotic spindle is

A

A structure made of microtubules that control the chromosome movement during mitosis

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16
Q

Explain the role of the centromere in animal cells

A

Assembly of spindle microtubules begins in the centrosome, the microtubule organization center

17
Q

Explain what happens during prometaphase

A

The centrosome replicates during interphase, forming two centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell during prophase and prometaphase

During prometaphase, some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of

18
Q

Explain what kinetochores are

A

Protein complexes that are associated with centromeres

19
Q

Explain what happens in metaphase at the metaphase plate

A

At metaphase, the chromosomes are all lined up at the metaphase plate, a plane midway between the spindle’s two poles

20
Q

Explain what happens during metaphase

A

At metaphase, the chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle, midway between the spindle poles. The kinetochore microtubules on each sister chromatid attach to opposite poles of the spindle

21
Q

Explain what happens during cytokinesis

A

During cytokinesis of an animal cell, the cytoplasm is divided in two by a contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments, which pinches the cell into two daughters, each with one nucleus

22
Q

Explain cytokinesis in animal and plant cells

A

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as cleavage, forming a cleavage furrow

In plant cells, a cell plate forms during cytokinesis

23
Q

Explain the process of binary fission in bacteria

A

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce by a type of cell division called binary fission

In binary fission, the chromosome replicates (beginning at the origin of replication), and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart

The plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell into two

24
Q

Explain cell cycle control systems

A

The cell cycle appears to be driven by specific chemical signals present in the cytoplasm

The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a distinct cell cycle control system, which is similar to a clock

The cell cycle control system is regulated by both internal and external controls

The clock has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

25
Q

What is RB?

A

Retinoblastoma protein (p105). Gatekeeper for the cell cycle

26
Q

How do multicellular organism develop from a fertilized zygote?

A

Cell Division

Cell Differentiation (muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells, etc.)

Morphogenesis (organization of differentiated cells into tissues and organs)

27
Q

Explain what happens once a fertilised zygote is formed

A

Fertilized zygote undergoes mitotic divisions and develops and into a blastocyst with an inner cell mass (that will from the embryo associated yolk sac and amnion) and the trophoblast that will adhere/implant into he uterus

The gastrula forms when the embryo is approximately 14-16 days old in humans

28
Q

Explain the process of gastrulation

A

Gastrulation is a phase early in the development of animal embryos, during which embryo morphology is restructured by cell migration. The single-layered blastula is recognised into a structure with three germ layers, know as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Gastrulation if followed by organogenesis, when individual organs develop

29
Q

Explain embryonic development

A

Genes play a role in controlling cell fate specification and organizing normal development

Certain genes (eg. HOX) are considered master switches in this process

The genes required for normal human development, encode many different gene products, including cell signalling, transcription factors, components of the extracellular matrix, enzymes, transport proteins and other systems.

30
Q

How do multicellular organism develop from a fertilized zygote?

A

Cell Division

Cell Differentiation (muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells, etc.). Cell fates.

Morphogenesis (organization of differentiated cells into tissues and organs). Cell fates.

Cells Require Energy to Survive, Grow, Differentiate and Die.

31
Q

Explain what stem cells are and give some characteristics of stem cells

A

Stem cells produce cells that differentiate into the tissue of our body (~200 cell types in the body)

Characteristics:

Self-renewal

Can divide without limit (but do so infrequently)

Not terminally differentiated

Daughter cells may become a stem cell or enter into terminal differentiation

Often reported to be rare and found in a niche

32
Q

What are the classes of stem cells?

A

Embryonic

Adult

33
Q

What types of stem cells are there and explain them

A

Stem cells are:

Totipotent - Generate all cell types

Pluripotent - Generate all cell types except placenta

Multipotent - Generates several cell types blood

Unipotent - Generate one cell type single type of neuron

34
Q

Where in the body have stem cells been found?

A

Blood

Skin

Brain

Pancreas

Liver

Breast

Colon

34
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

Cell Biology (11 decks)

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