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Bio Final > Cell Division and Human Genetics > Flashcards

Cell Division and Human Genetics Flashcards

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0
Q

What three things happen in the G1 phase?

A

It is the 1st growth stage, cells mature by making more cytoplasm and organelles, cells carry out normal activities

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1
Q

What is the first stage of the cell cycle and what three phases does it contain?

A

Interphase; G1, S phase, G2

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2
Q

What does S phase stand for?

A

Synthesis Phase

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3
Q

The S phase is the ___ stage of interphase

A

2

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4
Q

What happens in the S phase?

A

DNA is copied and replicated

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5
Q

G2 is the ___ GROWTH stage

A

2

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6
Q

What two things happen in the G2 phase in interphase?

A

cell structures needed for division are made (ex. centrioles) and organelles and proteins are made

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7
Q

Mitosis is the division of what?

A

the nucleus/chromosomes

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8
Q

Mitosis is also called ____

A

karyokinesis

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9
Q

Mitosis only occurs in _____

A

eukaryotes

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10
Q

How many stages does mitosis have

A

4

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11
Q

In what cells does mitosis not occur in?

A

in some brain or muscle cells

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12
Q

Mitosis is used for what?

A

growth and repair

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13
Q

What is an example of mitosis?

A

Asexual reproduction

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14
Q

What are the results of mitosis?

A

two diploid daughter cells that are identical to each other and to the parent cell, but are smaller in size than the parent cell but have the same number of chromosomes

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15
Q

What is uncontrolled division and what can is cause?

A

it is unlimited cell division which can cause cancerous tumors

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16
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

special proteins that increase the chance that a normal cell develops into a tumor cell

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17
Q

What is the first phase of mitosis?

A

prophase

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18
Q

What two things happen in early prophase?

A

chromatin condenses in the nucleus to form visible chromosomes, mitotic spindle forms from centrioles

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19
Q

What is a kinetochore also known as?

A

a spindle fiber

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20
Q

What four things happen in late prophase?

A

the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, chromosomes finish condensing, kinetochore (spindle fiber) attatch to the centromere, spindle finishes forming between poles of the cell

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21
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

it is the condensed form of DNA that makes DNA easy to move. it is two sister chromatids held together at the centromere

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22
Q

When are chromosomes visible?

A

they appear only during cell division

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23
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

it is 1/2 of a chromosome. two identical copies of it make up a chromosome

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24
Q

what is a the centromere?

A

it holds two chromatids together in a chromosome

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25
Q

What is chromatin?

A

It is the spagetti like form of DNA

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26
Q

When does chromatin appear?

A

appears when the cell is NOT dividing

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27
Q

What is a gene?

A

It is a segment of DNA coded for a trait

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28
Q

What are the four types of spindle fibers?

A

mitotic spindle
polar fibers
kinetochore fibers
asters

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29
Q

what is mitotic spindle?

A

It is a spindle fiber that forms from microtubules in plants and centrioles in animals

30
Q

where do polar fibers extend from?

A

they extend from one pole to the other pole

31
Q

Where do kinetochore fibers extend from?

A

the pole to the centromere

32
Q

where do asters radiate from?

A

centrioles

33
Q

What happens in Pro-Metaphase?

A

chromosomes are moving to the middle

34
Q

What is pro-metaphase?

A

the end of prophase and the beginning of metaphase

35
Q

Metaphase is the ____ phase of mitosis

A

2

36
Q

What is are two other words for the equator of a cell (in terms of metaphase)?

A

metaphase plate and equatorial plate

37
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

the chromosomes attach to the kinetochore fibers and line up in the center of the cell

38
Q

Anaphase is the ____ phase of mitosis

A

3

39
Q

Anaphase happens slowly/fast?

A

fast

40
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

sister chromatids are pulled apart by kinetochores to opposite poles of the cell. each pole (future daughter cell) now has an identical set of genes

41
Q

telophase is the ___ phase of mitosis

A

4

42
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

the sister chromatids are at opposite poles, spindle dissembles, nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids, nucleolus reappears, chromosomes appear as chromatin, cytokinesis happens simultaneously

43
Q

Cytokinesis is the ____ stage of the cell cycle

A

last

44
Q

Cytokinesis happens at the same time as _____

A

telophase

45
Q

in plants cytokinesis happens in the form of ___ ____

A

cell plate

46
Q

in animals cytokinesis happens in the form of a ___ _____

A

cleavage furrow

47
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

the division of the cytoplasm and rest of the cell into 2 identical daughter cells

48
Q

What is a histone?

A

it is a protein in a chromosome that DNA is tightly wrapped around

49
Q

What is meiosis?

A

the formation of gametes

50
Q

What are gametes?

A

sex cells eggs and sperm

51
Q

Meiosis is the basis of ______ _______

A

sexual reproduction

52
Q

Meiosis comes after _____

A

interphase

53
Q

How many meiotic divisions are there?

A

2; meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

54
Q

What is reduction division?

A

it is chromosomes reduced in numbers. this is what meiosis does

55
Q

In meiosis the parents are _____

A

diploid (2n) for chromosomes

56
Q

How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?

A

4

57
Q

In meiosis the four daughter cells are _____ (1n)

A

haploid

58
Q

What does meiosis result in?

A

4 new genetically different haploid cells that have one allele of each gene

59
Q

Without meiosis what would be wrong?

A

chromosome number

60
Q

1 extra chromosome results in _____ _____

A

Down syndrome

61
Q

What happens in meiosis?

A

two haploid gametes are brought together by fertilization to form a diploid zygote

62
Q

Where does meiosis happen in males?

A

testes

63
Q

Where does meiosis happen in females?

A

ovaries

64
Q

What is meiosis called in females and males?

A

males: spermatogenesis
females: oogenesis

65
Q

When does replication occur?

A

during the S phase in interphase

66
Q

what is replication?

A

the process of duplicating a chromosome

67
Q

Sister chromatids have the same ____ & _____

A

alleles and genes

68
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

replicated copies of chromosomes held together at the centromere (the two of them makes up a chromosome)

69
Q

What are homologs?

A

a pair of chromosomes that have the same genes but different alleles

70
Q

When do homologs separate?

A

in meiosis 1

71
Q

What is fertilization?

A

the formation of the diploid zygote from two haploid gametes; putting the chromosomes back together

72
Q

What is meiosis 1?

A

it is a reduction division similar to mitosis, expect with homologs not chromosomes. it has 4 phases

73
Q

What is the result of meiosis 1?

A

2 new cells

Bio Final (1 decks)

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