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Biology 30 Cells > cell division and chromosomes > Flashcards

cell division and chromosomes Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

visual representation of all the chromosomes in a nucleus, or a description of the set of chromosomes an individual possesses

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2
Q

ways tp distinguish chromosomes?

A

Banding pattern
length
location of centromere (locus)

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3
Q

what is each pair of chromosomes on a karyotype called?

A

homologous pair

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4
Q

what are the two identical lengths of chromosome on a replicated chromatin called?

A

sister chromatids

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5
Q

Homologous chromosomes are?

A

not identical, but contain different alleles or genes for the same thing, at the same location or locus

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6
Q

how are karyotypes prepared?

A

karyotypes are prepared on cells that have replicated, when chromosomes are most clearly visible.
scientists then use chemicals to stop cell cycle at clearest point, then staining with dyes to make things such as banding pattern visible.

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7
Q

what are the two structures within a replicated chromosome, and what are they attached by/at?

A

sister chromatids, and the centromere

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8
Q

how is an unreplicated chromosome represented and how many molecules of DNA does it contain?

A

a straight line, and one molecule of DNA

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9
Q

how is a replicated chromosome represented and how many molecules of DNA does it contain?

A

by an “X” shape, and two identical molecules of DNA

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10
Q

DNA is called?

A

Deoxyribonnoleic acid

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11
Q

what is DNA and what does it govern?

A

DNA is a molecule of nucleic acid, that governs processes of the hereditary

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12
Q

what are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA and its associated proteins

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13
Q

how long would DNA be straight? how tightly packed is it in the nucleus?

A

3 meters, but 5 lum in the nucleus

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14
Q

what are histone proteins?

A

wrap around DNA to make nucleolus

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15
Q

what are histones?

A

arrangement of proteins + DNA that compounds DNA within a cell.

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16
Q

what shape are chromosomes organized into?

A

helix spiral

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17
Q

what is a helix spiral?

A

the shape chromosomes are organized into

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18
Q

when is the only time individual chromosomes are visible?

A

when dividing

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19
Q

what isa chromosome in interphase called?

A

chromatin

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20
Q

chromatin refers to?

A

a chromosome during interphase

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21
Q

chromatid refers to?

A

one DNA molecule of a replicated Chromosome (i.g. sister chromatids)

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22
Q

what is a gene?

A

a specific section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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23
Q

what is a genome?

A

all genetic information within cell, including those in mitochondria, chloroplast and nuclei

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24
Q

What are base pairs?

A

instructions for specific proteins, such as thiamine, adenine, citosine and guanine

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25
Q

what base pairs always pair together?

A

Thiamine - Adenine
Citosine - Guanine

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26
Q

how many genes in humans

A

20 000

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27
Q

long chromosomes equal what?

A

equal more genes

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28
Q

organize the terms, base pair, chromosome, genes and genome into order from smallest to largest

A

base pair
genes
chromosome
genome

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29
Q

what organisms have eukaryotic cells?

A

fungi, protists, plants and animals

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30
Q

what makes a cell eukaryotic?

A

it has a distinguishable nucleus that contains chromosomes

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31
Q

what is a diploid cell?

A

cell that contains a pair of homologous choromosomes

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32
Q

how is a diploid cell represented

A

2n

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33
Q

how is a haploid cell represented

A

n

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34
Q

what is a haploid cell?

A

a cell that has only one set/type of each chromosome

35
Q

gamates are?

A

haploid

36
Q

What does it mean if a cell is triploid?

A

has three sets of chromosomes/ 3n

37
Q

how do tripold organisms usually come about and do they generally suffer from?

A

genetic mutation/ artificially created, usually sterile

38
Q

how are triploid represented?

A

3n or 2n + n

39
Q

what does it mean for a cell to be polyploid?

A

has many chromosome sets

40
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have (somatic and sex chromosomes)

A

46

41
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

42
Q

what are autosomes? how many of them are their in the human body?

A

not sex chromosomes, 22 pairs and 44 chromosomes in humans

43
Q

what are sex chromosomes called? how many pairs are there in humans?

A

sex chromsomes, x or y in humans, one pair

44
Q

are sex chromosomes homologous?

A

no but still considered a pair

45
Q

what is the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

organisms can arise from non-living matter

46
Q

who figured out that cells can only arise from pre-existing cells?

A

Rudolph Virchow

47
Q

Rudolph virchow discovered?

A

published that cells can only arise from pre-existing cells

48
Q

what technology advancements helped in further cell research?

A

artificial dyes and microscopes (lens advancements + light microscope)

49
Q

How do dyes make it easier to see components of a cell, and what components do they allow us to see?

A

bc genetic material is transparent under microscopes, and the different banding patterns on chromatids, used to determine what kind of chromatid it is.

50
Q

what did walter fleming discover?

A

found chromatids by dying tissue with artificial dyes, coined term mitosis.

51
Q

what do scientists use fluorescent dyes for?

A

for tagging protein molecules to track movements

52
Q

what animals have similar cell cycle making them good for research?

A

frogs and fruit flies

53
Q

what two types of cells have short lifespans?

A

skin and blood cells

54
Q

what is a cell cycle?

A

the events from one cell division to the next

55
Q

what is the group of the diseases called that cause rapid uncontrolled cell division?

A

cancer

56
Q

what makes cancer cells problematic?

A

spend little time in interphase instead moving rapidly back to cell division, causing rapid growth of non-functional cells, forming tumours.

57
Q

what two things split in cell division?

A

cytoplasm and chromosomes

58
Q

what are the two types of cell division?

A

mitosis and meiosis

59
Q

mitosis, simply results in?

A

one cell becoming two identical daughter cells, through the division of the genetic material/nucleus into two distinct sets.

60
Q

Meiosis, simply results in?

A

One parent cell becoming four haploid, genetically varied cells

61
Q

what two parts is the cell cycle divided into?

A

the growth and division stage

62
Q

what is the growth stage of the cell cycle called?

A

Interphase, which is split up into g1, S phase and G2

63
Q

what is the division stage of the cell cycle called?

A

meiosis/mitosis respectively, and cytokinesis

64
Q

what are the three main purposes/uses of mitosis and cytokinesis?

A

growth, wound repair, and maintenance

65
Q

mitosis cells are made through what kind of reproduction?

A

asexual

66
Q

cytokinesis divides?

A

the cytoplasm and other key organelles into two seperate sets/units

67
Q

for a daughter cell to be functional, what three things must occur correctly?

A

replication, condensation and organization into chromosomes of genetic material

68
Q

why do cells need to divide, why cant they just get really big?

A

Because cytoplasm grows faster than cell membrane, if division did not occur cytoplasm would grow faster than the nuclear membrane, restricting metabolic growth

69
Q

what happens in the g1 phase of interphase?

A

growth occurs, carries out metabolic functions

70
Q

what happens in the S phase of Interphase?

A

also called synthesis phase, DNA is replicated exactly, forming two sister chromatids that attach at the centromere

71
Q

G2 phase - what happens?

A

second growth phase, preparing the cell for division, cell manufactors proteins + other molecules necessary to form structures sed in cell division

72
Q

first stage of Mitosis is called?

A

prophase

73
Q

second stage of mitosis is called?

A

metaphase

74
Q

third stage of mitosis is called?

A

anaphase

75
Q

fourth stage of mitosis is called?

A

telophase

76
Q

what happens in mitosis prophase and what stage is it?

A

first stage of mitosis,
-nuclear membrane breaks down, releasing chromosomes into cytoplasm
-chromatin condenses into tightly packed chromosomes
-centrioles move to opposite sides of cell
-as centrioles pull apart, spindle fibres form between them

77
Q

what are spindle fibres made of and why is it important?

A

spindle fibres are made of microtubule, hollow of protein, which facilitate the movement of chromosomes due to their ability to lengthen or shorten, through the removal of microtubule sub units

78
Q

Metaphase: what stage is it numerically and what happens in it?

A

chromosomes move to equator of cell (equatorial plate?) with each chromatid of a pair opposing poles from centromere

79
Q

Anaphase: what numerical stage is it, and what happens in it?

A

centromere splits apart, spindle fibres shorten, pulling sister chromatids to opposing poles of cell, while simultaneously pushing cell walls out. at the end of anaphase two complete sets of cells should be at gathered at each end of the elongated cell.

80
Q

telophase: what numerical stage is it, and what happens in it?

A

fourth and last stage, (beginning with chromatids at opposite poles of cell)
-chromatids unravel into less visible strands of chromatin
- spindle fibres break down.
-nucleolus forming around each new nucleus

81
Q

what happens in cytokinesis in animals?

A

Indentation deepens until cell splits in two, with cytoplasm and organelles divided equally.

82
Q

what happens in cytokinesis in plants?

A

plant cell rather than pinching forms a cell plate, which is a membrane hat forms between the two nuclei of two daughter cells, slowly extending and reinforcing via protein molecules and cellulose to form a new cell wall.

83
Q

what structure do plants not have that animal cells do, that plays a part in cell divison

A

centrioles, but they do still have spindle fibres / spindle apparatus.

Biology 30 Cells (1 decks)

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