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Module 5 > Cell Division and Chromosomes > Flashcards

Cell Division and Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

Cell cycle

A

the period of time between one cell division and the next; consists of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division that results in identical cells; used for the growth and repair of organisms

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division that results in cells that have half the normal chromosome number (haploid gametes); also called reduction division

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

a thick, rod-shaped body in the nucleus that forms when chromatin (long, stringy DNA) supercoils around the balls of histone proteins in prophase of mitosis and meiosis

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5
Q

Genetic material

A

DNA; contains the genes that direct the synthesis of proteins needed by the cell; exists as chromatin or chromosomes

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6
Q

Cell division

A

the period of the cell cycle where the cell is actively dividing; composed of mitosis and cytokinesis stages

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7
Q

Karyotype

A

pictorial representation of all the chromosomes of a cell arranged in homologous pairs according to size, centromere position, and banding pattern; used to diagnose abnormalities in chromosome number (non-disjunction) and to determine sex chromosomes

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8
Q

Parent cell

A

diploid somatic cell about to enter cell division

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9
Q

Daughter cell

A

a cell that is the product of cell division. In mitosis, daughter cells are identical o the mother cell; in meiosis, they are not identical to the parent cell

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10
Q

DNA

A

the genetic material found contained in the nucleus in eukaryotes (also in mitochondria and chloroplasts) and loose int he cytoplasm in prokaryotes, such as bacteria

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11
Q

Histones

A

proteins found in chromosomes that provide scaffolding for DNA to twine around so that the DNA can fit within the confined space of the nucleus

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

long fibres containing DNA, small amounts of RNA, and proteins. These fibres form chromosomes when they coil around histones

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13
Q

Centromere

A

a ‘button’ that holds the two identical sister chromatids together after the S phase of interphase and through mitosis until anaphase

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14
Q

Binary fission

A

cell division in prokaryotes (bacteria); simple because there is only one circular chromosome so no spindle is needed

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15
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

creation of a new organism without the input of cells form two separate organisms of opposite sexes; examples are binary fission, yeast and hydra budding, and vegetative propagation of plants

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16
Q

Cutting

A

type of vegetative propagation when a stem of a plant is cut off and produces roots, stems, leaves, and flowers; an asexual from of reproduction

17
Q

Variation

A

the existence of many combinations of genes/traits in a population; improve the probability that some members will survive if environmental conditions change; is high in sexual reproduction

18
Q

Mutation

A

a permanent change in a cell’s genetic structure, often resulting i the expression of a new trait or feature in the affected organism; usually due to random errors occurring during DNA replication or protein synthesis, but can also be cause by chemical or physical mutagens

19
Q

Resistance

A

occurs when a drug removes susceptible bacteria or viruses from a population and leaves those variants (mutants) that are resistant to the drug. Rapid cell division ensures that the whole population becomes resistant quickly

20
Q

Super bugs

A

bacteria that are immune to many antibiotics. Super bugs develop because of an overuse of antibiotics and antibacterial that have destroyed susceptible bacteria, leaving only those bacteria that are resistant to these drugs

21
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells (sperm and egg); have half the normal chromosome umber so they can participate in fertilization

22
Q

Fertilization

A

the fusion of an egg and sperm (gametes) to produce a zygote; occurs in sexual reproduction only

23
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

the creation of offspring through the input of genetic material from two different organisms of opposite sexes (sperm from the male and egg from the female); increases variation

24
Q

Gene

A

the unit of hereditary information that can be passed on to offspring; includes the specific DNA sequence encoding or regulating the sequence of a protein, tRNA, or rRNA molecule; determines the expression of a trait

25
Q

Locus

A

a specific location on a chromosome

26
Q

Allele

A

a different form of the same gene occurring on homologous chromosomes

27
Q

Diploid cell

A

diploid means two pairs of every chromosome

28
Q

Haploid cell

A

haploid means half the chromosomes that diploid parent cell contains (egg or sperm)

29
Q

Polyploid cell

A

polyploid means more than two homologous chromosomes

30
Q

Somatic cell

A

the name was given to any of the cells of a multicellular organism, including humans. The exception in those cells that form gametes, which are not somatic cells

31
Q

Autosomes

A

the 22 homologous pairs seen in a karyotype; have nothing to do with gender

32
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

the last (twenty-third) pair of chromosomes seen in a karyotype that determines the gender of an organism. X and Y sex chromosomes are not homologous to each other in terms of shape, size, or genetic information

33
Q

X chromosome

A

the longer sex chromosome. Females are XX

34
Q

Y chromosome

A

the shorter sex chromosomes; determines maleness; have much fewer genes than the X. Males are XY

35
Q

Saining

A

a technique used in slide preparation to make the chromosomes of a dividing cell visible and dark

36
Q

Nondisjunction

A

an error in meiosis that results in non-separation of chromosomes; results in two chromosomes entering one gamete; produces gametes with an extra chromosome (n+1), or gametes that are missing a chromosome (n-1)

37
Q

Down syndrome

A

impairment of physical growth, unique physical features, and below-average cognitive ability.

if an n+1 gamete that results from nondisjunction of 25 chromosomes is fertilized by a normal sperm, a Trisomy 21 (2n+1) offspring are produced with Down Syndrome

38
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

when born with primary male sex characteristics but develops female secondary sex characteristics. When an XX egg due to nondisjunction is fertilized bu a Y sperm, the offspring (XXY) has Klinefelter syndrome

39
Q

Chromatid

A

one-half or one of two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides during cell division

Module 5 (4 decks)

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