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BIOL 308 Molecular Biology > Cell Division and Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Division and Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

prokaryote and single celled euk - reproduction

A

binary fission

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2
Q

what do multicellular euk divide for? (4-5)

A
  • tissue growth
  • damage tissue repair
  • mitosis: reproduction
  • meiosis: requires specialized cells = GERM cells
    -> specialized division to produce sex cells = GAMETES
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3
Q

what is G0?

A

some cells never leave interphase - stop dividing

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4
Q

G1, S, G2, M steps

A

G1: cell grows, normal metabolism, organelles duplicated, prep for S (if needed)
S: DNA replication, chromosome duplication (S=synthesis)
G2: cell grows, prepares for mitosis, DNA is “pseudo-4N”
M: mitosis (karyokinesis): prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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5
Q

what is karyokinesis?

A

division of a cell nucleus during mitosis

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6
Q

which ones keep growing throughout G1, S, G2?
(protein/RNA/DNA)

A

protein and RNA
(DNA only replicates during S phase)

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7
Q

homologous chromosomes are from?

A

one from mother
one from father

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8
Q

total # of diff alleles for any given gene is?

A

> 1
NOT related to number of copies of that allele found in genome

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9
Q

what happens in prometaphase?

A

chromosomes start to try to align

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10
Q

which specific proteins (2) whose activity fluctuates during cell cycle STOP cell cycle to make assessment (CHECKPOINTS)?

A
  • cyclins
  • cyclin-dependent kinases
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11
Q

purpose of checkpoints

A
  • energy and resources are saved (don’t want damaged copy)
  • internal control - through internal signals (ex. kinetochores not attached to spindle fibers, delay anaphase) - can be corrected
  • external control (ex. growth factors, food)
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12
Q

checkpoints (4)

A
  1. G1 checkpoint: (before S phase)
    - cell growth
    - environment
  2. S checkpoint (during S phase)
    - DNA replication
  3. G2 checkpoint (entering mitosis)
    - DNA replication
    - environment
    - cell growth
  4. Metaphase checkpoint (exit mitosis)
    - are chromosomes aligned on spindle?
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13
Q

mass of cell must ___ to provide material for daughter cells

A

double

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14
Q

how to preserve info while making it variable?

A

meiosis

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15
Q

sexual reproduction: (2 steps)

A
  1. production of special reproductive cells, or gamete (1n)
  2. fusion of gametes (fertilization) - zygote (2n)
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16
Q

gametes produced in specialized tissues (diploid germ cells) through ____ (2n -> n) cell division = meiosis

A

reductional

17
Q

what is relationship of germ cell to gametes?

A

precursor

18
Q

vertical gene transfer means?

A

genetic info from parent -> offspring

19
Q

horizontal gene transfer?

A

DNA moves between organelles in one organism (mitochondrial DNA -> nucleus)

20
Q

which organisms have life cycle with sporophyte and gametophyte?

A

plants and some algae

21
Q

which organisms can live as a haploid multicellular organism for a while?

A

plants and some algae
most fungi and some protists

22
Q

which organisms can make gametes through mitosis?

A

plants and some algae
most fungi and some protists

23
Q

number of possible new combinations of chromosomes for a species is 2^n

what is n?

A

n = haploid # of chromosomes for species

24
Q

pseudo 2n during?

A

start of meiosis II, end of meiosis I

25
Q

difference between meiosis I and meiosis II

A

meiosis I - chromosome segregation
meiosis II - chromatid segregation

26
Q

isogamy meaning

A

same gamete size

27
Q

anisogamy meaning

A

diff gamete sizes

28
Q

hermaphrodite meaning

A

both sets of reproductive organs

29
Q

monoecious meaning

A

like hermaphrodites but only for plants

30
Q

sexually polymorphic meaning

A

either male/female/other sexes

31
Q

parthenogenesis

A

some lizards produce diploid eggs asexual

32
Q

plants: hermaphrodites vs monoecious

A

hermaphrodite: male and female parts in same flower
monoecious: separate male and female flowers in same plant

BIOL 308 Molecular Biology (14 decks)

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