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cell division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

list the stages of the cell cycle in order + outline what happens at each

A

G1 phase - organelles and cytoplasm duplicated
S phase - chromosomes are duplicated
G2 phase - checks duplicated chromosomes for mistakes continues to grow
M phase - mitotic/ division phase

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2
Q

3 stages of interphase and what happens in each

A

G1 - organelles etc.. replicated and cell grows
S - chromosomes are duplicated
G2 - increase in size, centrosomes duplicate

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3
Q

list the two stages of the mitotic phase + what happens in each

A

mitosis - nuclear division

cytokinesis - cellular division

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4
Q

outline the role of checkpoints in the cell

A

ensure each division is successful in producing two genetically identical daughter cells - monitor each stage to ensure is completed before allowing to move onto the next stage

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5
Q

3 examples of checkpoints

A

G1 checkpoint - at end of G1 checks cell size, growth factors, nutrients and DNA damage
G2 checkpoint - at end of G2 cell size DNA replication and DNA damage
spindle assembly check point - at end o metaphase chromosome attached to spindles

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6
Q

link between cell cycle regulation and cancer

A

cancer is uncontrolled cell division - happens when proteins that regulate cell cycle at checkpoints don’t function properly and so division is uncontrolled - tumors form

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7
Q

define mitosis

A

nuclear division stage of mitotic phase - results in two daughter cells with same number and kind of chromosomes as parent cell

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8
Q

define chromosomes

A

structure of condensed and coiled DNA in form of chromatin

become visible under light microscope when cell is preparing to divide

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9
Q

define sister chromatid

A

two identical copies of DNA joined at the centromere

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10
Q

define chromatid

A

each of the two thread like strands which chromosomes divide into during mitosis

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11
Q

define centromere

A

region where two chromatids are held together

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12
Q

define centrioles

A

part of the cytoskeleton composed of microtubules

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13
Q

define spindle fibres

A

network of filaments which are involved in the division of the chromosomes in nuclear division

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14
Q

define homologous pair

A

matching pair of chromosomes one inherited from each parent

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15
Q

how is DNA packaged in a chromosome

A

double stranded DNA loops around histones forming the nucleosome the nucleosome can be packaged to form chromatin fibres which condense into chromosomes during mitosis

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16
Q

list the stages of mitosis in order

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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17
Q

explain the role of centrioles and spindle fibres in mitosis

A

spindle fibres formed from centrioles - they attach to sister chromatids and are responsible for separating them and pulling them towards opposite poles

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18
Q

compare the process of cytokinesis in animals and plants

A

animals - cleavage furrow forms, cytoskeleton pulls membrane in until its enough to fuse to form two separate cells
plants - vesicles from the Golgi line up along middle of cell forming new membranes. New sections of cell wall then form around membrane

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19
Q

explain the purpose of cell division + roles of mitotic division

A

purpose - to create more identical cells

roles - growth, repair, replace, asexual reproduction

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20
Q

define diploid

A

a cell with 2n chromosomes (2 copies of each chromosome one from each parent)

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21
Q

define haploid

A

a cell with n chromosomes (one copy of each chromosome)

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22
Q

define gamete

A

a haploid germ cell - fuse at fertilization to produce a zygote

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23
Q

define zygote

A

cell resulting from fusion of haploid egg cell with haploid sperm cell

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24
Q

define meiosis

A

form of nucleus division that results in haploid nucleus from a diploid nucleus

25
Q

define reduction division

A

any form of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced

26
Q

explain the role of meiosis in life

A

needed for sexual reproduction - halves the number of chromosomes so the diploid number of chromosome is restored at fertilization - produces genetic variation in offspring

27
Q

suggest the importance of producing different allele combinations in populations

A

genetic variation in a population means they are more likely to have some survive changes in environment due to mutations

28
Q

define homologous chromosomes

A

matching pair of chromosomes one inherited from each parent

29
Q

define bivalent

A

name for a two chromosomes that have been paired up during prophase 1 of meiosis

30
Q

define crossing over

A

exchange of part of a chromosome between chromatids of homologous pairs - occurs at chiasmata

31
Q

define chiasma

A

sections of DNA that become entangled during crossing over, they break apart and reform during anaphase 1 of meiosis sometimes involving exchange of DN resulting in recombinant chromosomes + producing genetic variation

32
Q

define recombinant chromatid

A

chromatids with a combination of DNA from both homologous chromosomes, formed from crossing over and chiasmata in meiosis

33
Q

define random independent assortment

A

the fact that which cell a daughter chromosome ends up in at the end of meiosis 1 or meiosis 2 is independent of fate from other homologous pairs

34
Q

state the stages of meiosis in order

A

prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1

prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2

35
Q

describe the process of crossing over and how it produces genetic variation

A

chromatids become entangled at the chiasmata
sections of DNA break off and are exchanged so chromatids no longer contain purely maternal or paternal DNA
means each of the 4 daughter cells are different and there are infinite possibilities of different DNA producing genetic variation in offspring

36
Q

describe the process of random assortment and how it produces genetic variation

A

when bivalents line up in meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 they have an equal chance of lining up in a way that would make a particular chromosome go to either pole. each set of chromosome will have a mixture of maternal and paternal DNA

37
Q

explain how, knowing the number of chromosomes in a species, how to calculate the number of genetically different gametes that could be produced through random assortment only

A

number of chromosomes squared

38
Q

define cell

A

the basic unit of life

39
Q

define tissue

A

collection of specialized cells

40
Q

define organ

A

collection of tissues with a particular function

41
Q

define organ system

A

collection of organs that work together for a specific role or function

42
Q

define specialized

A

description of a cell which is adapted to a particular function

43
Q

define differentiated

A

cells become specialized to carry out a particular function

44
Q

explain why multicellular organisms have specialized cells

A

a group of cells which work together with different functions as one unit can more effectively make use of resources than single cells operating on their own

45
Q

how are erythrocytes adapted to their function

A

biconcave shape - increase surface area to volume ratio
no nucleus - increase space for hemoglobin
flexible - squeeze through narrow capillaries

46
Q

how are sperm cells adapted to their function

A

lots of mitochondria provide energy to swim aided by flagellum
acrosome - at head of sperm cell contains digestive enzymes which allow sperm cell to enter egg causing fertilization

47
Q

how are palisade cells adapted to their function

A

lots of chloroplast absorb huge amounts of light
rectangular shape - closely packed together to form continuous layers maximum amount of chloroplast exposed to light
thin walls to increase rate of diffusion

48
Q

how are root cells adapted to their function

A

they increase surface area to maximize water and mineral uptake from soil into cell

49
Q

how are neutrophils adapted to their functions

A

multi lobed nucleus allows them to squeeze through small gaps to get to sight of infection
granular cytoplasm contains multiple lysosome to attack pathogens

50
Q

how are epithelial cells adapted to their function

A

can pack closely together essential to form epithelial tissue
thin membrane - decreases rate for osmosis

51
Q

how are guard cells adapted for their function

A

lose water - become turgid which closes stomata prevent water loss
one side of cell wall is thicker - not symmetrical in change

52
Q

4 main categories of tissue

A

nerve tissue - support transmission of electrical impulses
epithelial tissue - adapted to cover body surfaces
muscle tissue - adapted to contract
connective tissue - hold tissue together or transport medium

53
Q

how are squamous epithelium adapted for their function

A

one cell thick - short diffusion distance

square or flat increase surface area

54
Q

how are ciliated epithelium adapted for their function

A

able to move mucus down trachea

goblet cells release mucus to trap unwanted particles from the air

55
Q

how is cartilage adapted to its function

A

prevents bone rubbing together

made up of elastin fibres + firm connective tissue

56
Q

how is muscle adapted to its function

A

contract to be able to move bones

57
Q

how is xylem tissue adapted to its function

A

lignin provides structural support

elongated dead cells

58
Q

how is the phloem adapted for its function

A

composed of columns of sieve tube cells perforated by sieve plates

59
Q

3 examples of organ systems

A

digestive system - takes in large insoluble food molecules and breaks them down into smaller soluble molecules and removes any indigestive out of body
cardiovascular system - moves blood around body and substances it carries
gaseous exchange system - brings air into body so CO2 can be repelled and O2 brought in for use in respiration

Biology (11 decks)

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