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cell division Flashcards

1
Q

list the stages of the cell cycle in order + outline what happens at each

A

G1 phase - organelles and cytoplasm duplicated
S phase - chromosomes are duplicated
G2 phase - checks duplicated chromosomes for mistakes continues to grow
M phase - mitotic/ division phase

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2
Q

3 stages of interphase and what happens in each

A

G1 - organelles etc.. replicated and cell grows
S - chromosomes are duplicated
G2 - increase in size, centrosomes duplicate

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3
Q

list the two stages of the mitotic phase + what happens in each

A

mitosis - nuclear division

cytokinesis - cellular division

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4
Q

outline the role of checkpoints in the cell

A

ensure each division is successful in producing two genetically identical daughter cells - monitor each stage to ensure is completed before allowing to move onto the next stage

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5
Q

3 examples of checkpoints

A

G1 checkpoint - at end of G1 checks cell size, growth factors, nutrients and DNA damage
G2 checkpoint - at end of G2 cell size DNA replication and DNA damage
spindle assembly check point - at end o metaphase chromosome attached to spindles

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6
Q

link between cell cycle regulation and cancer

A

cancer is uncontrolled cell division - happens when proteins that regulate cell cycle at checkpoints don’t function properly and so division is uncontrolled - tumors form

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7
Q

define mitosis

A

nuclear division stage of mitotic phase - results in two daughter cells with same number and kind of chromosomes as parent cell

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8
Q

define chromosomes

A

structure of condensed and coiled DNA in form of chromatin

become visible under light microscope when cell is preparing to divide

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9
Q

define sister chromatid

A

two identical copies of DNA joined at the centromere

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10
Q

define chromatid

A

each of the two thread like strands which chromosomes divide into during mitosis

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11
Q

define centromere

A

region where two chromatids are held together

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12
Q

define centrioles

A

part of the cytoskeleton composed of microtubules

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13
Q

define spindle fibres

A

network of filaments which are involved in the division of the chromosomes in nuclear division

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14
Q

define homologous pair

A

matching pair of chromosomes one inherited from each parent

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15
Q

how is DNA packaged in a chromosome

A

double stranded DNA loops around histones forming the nucleosome the nucleosome can be packaged to form chromatin fibres which condense into chromosomes during mitosis

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16
Q

list the stages of mitosis in order

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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17
Q

explain the role of centrioles and spindle fibres in mitosis

A

spindle fibres formed from centrioles - they attach to sister chromatids and are responsible for separating them and pulling them towards opposite poles

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18
Q

compare the process of cytokinesis in animals and plants

A

animals - cleavage furrow forms, cytoskeleton pulls membrane in until its enough to fuse to form two separate cells
plants - vesicles from the Golgi line up along middle of cell forming new membranes. New sections of cell wall then form around membrane

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19
Q

explain the purpose of cell division + roles of mitotic division

A

purpose - to create more identical cells

roles - growth, repair, replace, asexual reproduction

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20
Q

define diploid

A

a cell with 2n chromosomes (2 copies of each chromosome one from each parent)

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21
Q

define haploid

A

a cell with n chromosomes (one copy of each chromosome)

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22
Q

define gamete

A

a haploid germ cell - fuse at fertilization to produce a zygote

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23
Q

define zygote

A

cell resulting from fusion of haploid egg cell with haploid sperm cell

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24
Q

define meiosis

A

form of nucleus division that results in haploid nucleus from a diploid nucleus

25
define reduction division
any form of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced
26
explain the role of meiosis in life
needed for sexual reproduction - halves the number of chromosomes so the diploid number of chromosome is restored at fertilization - produces genetic variation in offspring
27
suggest the importance of producing different allele combinations in populations
genetic variation in a population means they are more likely to have some survive changes in environment due to mutations
28
define homologous chromosomes
matching pair of chromosomes one inherited from each parent
29
define bivalent
name for a two chromosomes that have been paired up during prophase 1 of meiosis
30
define crossing over
exchange of part of a chromosome between chromatids of homologous pairs - occurs at chiasmata
31
define chiasma
sections of DNA that become entangled during crossing over, they break apart and reform during anaphase 1 of meiosis sometimes involving exchange of DN resulting in recombinant chromosomes + producing genetic variation
32
define recombinant chromatid
chromatids with a combination of DNA from both homologous chromosomes, formed from crossing over and chiasmata in meiosis
33
define random independent assortment
the fact that which cell a daughter chromosome ends up in at the end of meiosis 1 or meiosis 2 is independent of fate from other homologous pairs
34
state the stages of meiosis in order
prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1 | prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2
35
describe the process of crossing over and how it produces genetic variation
chromatids become entangled at the chiasmata sections of DNA break off and are exchanged so chromatids no longer contain purely maternal or paternal DNA means each of the 4 daughter cells are different and there are infinite possibilities of different DNA producing genetic variation in offspring
36
describe the process of random assortment and how it produces genetic variation
when bivalents line up in meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 they have an equal chance of lining up in a way that would make a particular chromosome go to either pole. each set of chromosome will have a mixture of maternal and paternal DNA
37
explain how, knowing the number of chromosomes in a species, how to calculate the number of genetically different gametes that could be produced through random assortment only
number of chromosomes squared
38
define cell
the basic unit of life
39
define tissue
collection of specialized cells
40
define organ
collection of tissues with a particular function
41
define organ system
collection of organs that work together for a specific role or function
42
define specialized
description of a cell which is adapted to a particular function
43
define differentiated
cells become specialized to carry out a particular function
44
explain why multicellular organisms have specialized cells
a group of cells which work together with different functions as one unit can more effectively make use of resources than single cells operating on their own
45
how are erythrocytes adapted to their function
biconcave shape - increase surface area to volume ratio no nucleus - increase space for hemoglobin flexible - squeeze through narrow capillaries
46
how are sperm cells adapted to their function
lots of mitochondria provide energy to swim aided by flagellum acrosome - at head of sperm cell contains digestive enzymes which allow sperm cell to enter egg causing fertilization
47
how are palisade cells adapted to their function
lots of chloroplast absorb huge amounts of light rectangular shape - closely packed together to form continuous layers maximum amount of chloroplast exposed to light thin walls to increase rate of diffusion
48
how are root cells adapted to their function
they increase surface area to maximize water and mineral uptake from soil into cell
49
how are neutrophils adapted to their functions
multi lobed nucleus allows them to squeeze through small gaps to get to sight of infection granular cytoplasm contains multiple lysosome to attack pathogens
50
how are epithelial cells adapted to their function
can pack closely together essential to form epithelial tissue thin membrane - decreases rate for osmosis
51
how are guard cells adapted for their function
lose water - become turgid which closes stomata prevent water loss one side of cell wall is thicker - not symmetrical in change
52
4 main categories of tissue
nerve tissue - support transmission of electrical impulses epithelial tissue - adapted to cover body surfaces muscle tissue - adapted to contract connective tissue - hold tissue together or transport medium
53
how are squamous epithelium adapted for their function
one cell thick - short diffusion distance | square or flat increase surface area
54
how are ciliated epithelium adapted for their function
able to move mucus down trachea | goblet cells release mucus to trap unwanted particles from the air
55
how is cartilage adapted to its function
prevents bone rubbing together | made up of elastin fibres + firm connective tissue
56
how is muscle adapted to its function
contract to be able to move bones
57
how is xylem tissue adapted to its function
lignin provides structural support | elongated dead cells
58
how is the phloem adapted for its function
composed of columns of sieve tube cells perforated by sieve plates
59
3 examples of organ systems
digestive system - takes in large insoluble food molecules and breaks them down into smaller soluble molecules and removes any indigestive out of body cardiovascular system - moves blood around body and substances it carries gaseous exchange system - brings air into body so CO2 can be repelled and O2 brought in for use in respiration

Biology (11 decks)

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