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Biology Module 2 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens in interphase?

A
  • DNA is replicated
  • Protein synthesis occurs
  • Mitochondria grow and divide
  • Chloroplasts grow and divide
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2
Q

What are the 3 main stages of interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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3
Q

What is G1?

A

Proteins produced and organelles synthesised

Cell increases in size

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4
Q

What is S?

A

DNA replicated

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5
Q

What is G2?

A

Cell increases in size

Energy stores increase

Replicated DNA is checked for errors

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6
Q

What is G0?

A

When a cell leaves the cycle

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7
Q

Why do cells enter G0?

A
  • Differentiation (won’t enter cell cycle again)
  • Damaged DNA
  • As you age
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8
Q

What are checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

Monitor and verify whether processes at each phase of the cell cycle have been completed accurately

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9
Q

What is the G1 checkpoint?

A

At end of the G1, before S.

If cell meets requirements the cell begins DNA replication.

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10
Q

What is the G2 checkpoint?

A

End of G2, before mitotic phase.

Checks that DNA has been replicated without error. If it passes it enters mitosis.

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11
Q

Metaphase checkpoint?

A

At the point where all the chromosomes should be attached to spindles and have aligned.

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12
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

1) Chromatin condense and coil to form chromosomes.
2) Nucleolus disappears and nuclear membrane breaks down.
3) Microtubules link poles of the cell.
4) Two centrioles move to opposite poles and spindle fibres develop which attach to the centromeres.

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13
Q

What help with the formation of spindle fibres?

A

Centrioles

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14
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes move to the metaphase plate by spindle fibres.

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15
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell be spindle fibres.

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16
Q

What is characteristic about the chromatids during anaphase?

A

V shape

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17
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromatids reach opposite poles and are referred to as chromosomes.

Nuclear envelope reforms.

Chromosomes uncoil and nucleolus formed.

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18
Q

What is cytokinesis in animal cell?

A

A cleavage furrow forms and the cell surface membrane is pulled inwards by the cytoskeleton until it is close enough the fuse, forming two cells.

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19
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of cell into 2 separate cells.

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20
Q

What is cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

Vesicles from the Golgi apparats begin to assemble by the metaphase plate. Vesicles fuse with each other and cell surface membrane. New sections of cell wall form where there are new cell membranes. Forming two separate cells.

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21
Q

Why is it not possible for a cleavage furrow to form in plant cells?

A

They have cell walls.

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22
Q

Define alleles…

A

Different versions of the same gene, with the same gene loci

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23
Q

Why is meiosis known as a reduction division?

A

Diploid to haploid.

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24
Q

What happens in prophase 1?

A

1) Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disintegrates and nucleolus disappears.
2) Homologous chromosomes line up, forming bivalents.
3) Chromosomes become entangled leading to crossing over.

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25
Q

What happens in metaphase 1?

A

Homologous pairs line up on the metaphase plate.

The orientation of homologous pairs is random, called independent assortment.

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26
Q

What happens in anaphase 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles.

Sections of chromatids which became entangled break off and re-join at the chiasmata.

When exchange occurs it forms recombinant chromatids. Genes are exchanged between chromatids which gives genetic variation.

27
Q

What happens in telophase 1?

A

Chromosomes assemble at each pole. Nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes uncoil.

Cytokinesis occurs and chromosome number from diploid to haploid occurs.

28
Q

What happens in prophase 2?

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible. Nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle formation begins.

29
Q

What happens in metaphase 2?

A

Individual chromosomes assemble on metaphase plate.

There is independent assortment again due to crossing over.

30
Q

How is prophase 1 and prophase 2 different?

A

In prophase 1, homologous chromosomes pair up and parts may become entangled.

31
Q

How is metaphase 1 different to metaphase 2?

A

In 2, individual chromosomes assemble on metaphase plate.

In 1, homologous pairs of chromosomes assemble on the metaphase plate.

32
Q

What happens in telophase 2?

A

Chromatids assemble at poles.

Chromosomes uncoil and form chromatin. Nuclear envelope reforms and nucleolus becomes visible.

Cytokinesis results in four daughter cells which are haploid.

33
Q

What are the levels of organisation in multicellular organisms?

A

Specialised cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, whole organisms

34
Q

What are the features of erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave shape which increases SA:V ratio.

Don’t have nuclei so more space for oxygen.

Flexible so go through narrow capillaries.

35
Q

What are the features of neutrophils?

A

Multi loped nucleus so can squeeze through narrow gaps to get to sites of infections

Cytoplasm contains many lysosomes which release enzymes

36
Q

What are the features of sperm cells?

A

Deliver genetic information to the female gamete.

Have a flagella for movement.

Many mitochondria for energy to swim.

Acrosome on the head contains many digestive enzymes to digest outer layers of ovum and allow sperm to penetrate.

37
Q

What are the features of palisade cells?

A

Present in mesophyll.

Contain many chloroplasts to absorb light for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts able to move.

Box shape so form a closely packed continuous layer.

Large vacuole to maintain turgor pressure.

38
Q

What are the features of root hair cells?

A

Have extensions (root hairs) which increase the SA for maximum uptake of water and minerals.

39
Q

What are the features of guard cells?

A

For carbon dioxide to enter plants for photosynthesis.

Cell wall is thicker on one side so does not change shape symmetrically.

40
Q

What are the 4 main categories of tissues in animals?

A
  • Nervous tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Connective tissue
41
Q

What is the feature of squamous/ pavement epithelium?

A

Very thin for rapid diffusion

42
Q

What are the features of ciliated epithelium?

A

Lines trachea, has cilia and goblet cells present which secrete mucous to trap unwanted particles.

43
Q

What are the features of cartilage?

A

Contains elastin and collagen.

Prevents end of bones rubbing together.

44
Q

What are the features of muscle?

A

Tissue which shortens to move bones.

E.g. Skeletal (attached to bone)
Myofibrils (dark pink bands)

45
Q

What are 2 types of tissue in plants?

A

Epidermis

Vascular e.g. xylem and phloem

46
Q

What are the features of epidermis?

A

Single layer of cells covering the surfaces of plants.

Covered by a thick, waxy cuticle.

Stomata are present.

47
Q

What are the features of the xylem?

A

Transport of water and mineral ions

Strengthened by lignin

48
Q

What are the features of the phloem?

A

Transport of organic nutrients from leaves to stem.

Composed of columns of sieve tubes which sieve plates.

49
Q

Name 3 organ systems…

A

Digestive, cardiovascular, gaseous exchange systems

50
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called?

A

Stem cells

51
Q

What are the sources of plant stem cells?

A

Meristems

52
Q

Where is meristematic tissue formed?

A

Between phloem and xylem

53
Q

What can stem cells be used to treat?

A
  • Heart disease
  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Birth defects
54
Q

Where are stem cells being used?

A

Treatment of burns, drug trials and development biology.

55
Q

What are the reasons for stem cells?

A
  • Cure diseases
56
Q

What are the reasons against stem cell use?

A
  • Results in destruction of embryos
  • Life begins at conception so it is murder
  • Embryo has rights
57
Q

What are the sources of animal stem cells?

A

Embryonic and tissue stem cells found in bone marrow

58
Q

What are all blood cells derived from?

A

Stem cells in the bone marrow.

59
Q

What is potency?

A

A stem cells ability to differentiate into different cell types.

60
Q

Totipotent

A

Differentiate into any type of stem cell

61
Q

Pluripotent

A

Form all tissue types but not whole organisms

62
Q

Multipotent

A

Only form a range of cells with a certain tissue type

63
Q

How long do red blood cells live for?

A

120 days

Biology Module 2 (1 decks)

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