Cell Division Flashcards
Define the following terms: chromosome, sister chromatid, centromere, sister chromatids.
Chromosomes are strands of DNA and proteins that carry and pass on traits and are always located in the nucleus. A sister chromatid is one-half of a chromosome when DNA has been duplicated. The centromere holds two sister chromatids together. Sister chromatids make up one chromosome when DNA has been replicated.
List the proper sequence for the four stages of mitosis.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
State the function of cellular division to prokaryotic organisms and to eukaryotic organisms.
Binary fission occurs in prokaryotes; mitosis and meiosis occur in eukaryotes.
State the results of mitosis.
Two daughter cells with the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Describe the structure of a chromosome.
A chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids, geld together by a centromere.
Describe homologous chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes are two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. Homologous chromosomes are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and possesses alleles for the same genes at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism’s father, the other from the mother.
Describe the parts of the cell cycle.
Interphase is when a cell grows, repairs, and replicates its DNA. Mitosis is when the cell’s nucleus divides. Cytokinesis is when the cell’s cytoplasm divides.
Describe events associated with G1, S and G2 stages of interphase.
In G1, the cell grows and repairs. In S, the cell’s DNA replicates. In G2, the cell continues to grow and repair, as it gets ready to divide.
Describe the events in each of the stages of mitosis.
In prophase, the cell’s DNA becomes organized as the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear as DNA starts to become visible under a light microscope. As well, a spindle apparatus starts to form across the length of the cell and centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell. In metaphase, the cell’s chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. In anaphase, the chromosomes break into two and the “half-chromosomes” move away from each other. In telophase, the nuclear envelop and nucleolus reappear, DNA becomes unorganized again.
Compare plant cell division and animal cell cytokinesis.
In plant cytokinesis, a cell plate forms between the town nuclei and binds to the cell wall. In animal cytokinesis, a cleavage furrow appears and the cell is pinched until it separates into two cells.
Compare asexual and sexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction happens through mitosis and the daughter cells have the same number of chromosome as the parent cell. These cells are diploids. Sexual reproduction deals with haploids, daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, and through the process of meiosis.
