Cell Division

Question 1

What is the role of DNA replication in cell division?

Answer 1

DNA replication ensures that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the parent cell’s genetic material

Question 2

What are chromosomes made of?

Answer 2

Chromosomes are made up of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins

Question 3

What is the structure of a chromosome?

Answer 3

Each chromosome consists of two chromatids (sister chromatids) connected by a centromere

Question 4

What is the function of chromosomes?

Answer 4

Chromosomes carry genetic information that dictates cellular function and organism development

Question 5

How many chromosomes do humans typically have?

Answer 5

Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

Question 6

What are the two types of chromosomes in humans?

Answer 6

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX for females and XY for males)

Question 7

How can cells with the same DNA have different structures and functions?

Answer 7

Different genes are activated or silenced in different cells, leading to different structures and functions

Question 8

What are stem cells?

Answer 8

Undifferentiated cells with the ability to divide and differentiate into various cell types

Question 9

What are progenitor cells?

Answer 9

Partially differentiated cells that can only develop into a limited number of cell types

Question 10

What are terminally differentiated cells?

Answer 10

Fully differentiated cells that have a specific function and cannot change into other types of cells

Question 11

How are stem cell pools maintained?

Answer 11

Through a process called asymmetric division

Question 12

What occurs during DNA replication that can lead to cancer?

Answer 12

Copying mistakes can occur, leading to mutations

Question 13

What are proto-oncogenes?

Answer 13

Genes that normally help cells grow

Question 14

What happens when proto-oncogenes are mutated?

Answer 14

They can turn into oncogenes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth

Question 15

What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?

Answer 15

They prevent cells from dividing uncontrollably

Question 16

What can happen when tumor suppressor genes are mutated?

Answer 16

Inactivation can lead to cancer

Question 17

What is one characteristic of cancer cells?

Answer 17

Lack of apoptosis

Question 18

What does uncontrolled proliferation in cancer cells mean?

Answer 18

Cancer cells divide uncontrollably, bypassing normal regulatory mechanisms

Question 19

What is angiogenesis in the context of cancer?

Answer 19

The process by which cancer cells stimulate the growth of new blood vessels

Question 20

What is metastasis?

Answer 20

The ability of cancer cells to spread to other parts of the body

Question 21

How can cancer damage the body?

Answer 21

By interfering with normal tissue function, consuming nutrients, and causing organ failure

Question 22

What is complete dominance in genetics?

Answer 22

One allele completely masks the expression of the other

Question 23

What is an example of incomplete dominance?

Answer 23

Crossing red (RR) and white (WW) flowers results in pink (RW) flowers

Question 24

What is codominance?

Answer 24

Both alleles are equally expressed

Question 25

What is sex-linked inheritance?

Answer 25

Traits controlled by genes located on the sex chromosomes

Question 26

Why are males more likely to express X-linked traits?

Answer 26

They only have one X chromosome