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Organismal Biology > cell division > Flashcards

cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

a section of the DNA that for a particular physical characteristic (trait)

A

gene

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2
Q

the collection of genes that an individual carries in their cells

A

genome

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3
Q

DNA tightly coiled during cell division

A

chromosomes

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4
Q

A massive, uncoiled, DNA and associated proteins

A

chromatin

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5
Q

(body cells) have two copies of each chromosome

A

somatic cells

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6
Q

(Reproductive cells: sperm/egg) have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

A

gametes

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7
Q

The process of division of a cell nucleus. Produces two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell.

A

mitosis

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8
Q

Division of the rest of the cell contents

A

cytokinesis

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9
Q

Chromatin coils, tightly to form chromosomes, duplicate chromosomes appear as paired sister chromatids attached to the centromere, Nuclear membrane disintegrates, and spindle fibers form.

A

prophase

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10
Q

Chromosomes lined up on the equator of the cell.

A

metaphase (middle)

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11
Q

Spindle fibers pull apart sister chromatids, which begin to move to opposite ends of the cell.

A

anaphase

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12
Q

The cell begins to divide into two, chromosomes uncoil, nucleus reforms, and spindle apparatus disassembles.

A

telophase

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13
Q

Produces offspring with the genetic material of one pair only, offsprings genuinely identical to parent. Common in plants, single celled organisms, fungi, and some animals.

A

asexual reproduction

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14
Q

Cell division, that leads to the production of gametes.

A

Meiosis

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15
Q

Combination of genetic material from different individuals

A

Sexual reproduction

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16
Q

A cell with one copy of each gene

A

Diploid

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17
Q

Same size and function

A

Homologus pair

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18
Q

Do not belong to the same pair

A

nonhomologous chromosomes

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19
Q

cell that has pairs of homologous chromosomes, 1 from each parent

A

Diploid cells

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20
Q

Homologous pairs at equator, homologous split, (reduction, division)

A

Meiosis one

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21
Q

Sister chromatids, lineup duplicates split

A

Meiosis two

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22
Q

homologous chromosomes pair up (tetrad), nuclear membrane dissolves

A

meiosis one: prophase one

23
Q

Areas where homologous chromosomes crossover one another

A

chiasm

24
Q

Physical exchange of parts of non-sister, chromatids, produces recombinant chromosomes, and adds genetic variability.

A

meiosis one: crossing over

25
Q

When homologous chromosomes exchange, genetic material through the process, called chromosomal crossover. Can result in different combinations of genes than the parents.

A

recombinant chromosomes

26
Q

Homologous pairs, line up at the center of the cell, look like a bundle of four sticks called tetrads

A

meiosis one: metaphase one

27
Q

homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell

A

meiosis one: anaphase one

28
Q

Daughter cells separate, each new nucleus is now haploid, and sister chromatids are not necessarily identical, because of crossing over

A

Meiosis one: telophase one

29
Q

a. Produces two cells identical to each other.
b. Produces haploid cells that are not identical to each other. this is from crossover and random alignment.

match: meiosis & mitosis

A

a. mitosis
b. meiosis

30
Q

Version of a gene, most genes have two or more variance that can describe the same trait. Example: purple flowers vs white flowers.

A

Allele

31
Q

Only way to get the same type of offspring from the parent, because they only have one

A

true breeding

32
Q

The variation of a gene that is always expressed if it is present. Denoted by a capital letter.

A

dominant

33
Q

A gene variant that is only expressed if there are two copies. Denoted by a lowercase letter.

A

recessive

34
Q

Having two copies of the same allele. example: BB/bb

A

homozygous

35
Q

having two different alleles for a gene. example: Bb

A

Heterozygous

36
Q

Genetic make up of an organism (set of alleles)

A

genotype

37
Q

Physical expression of the genes

A

Phenotype

38
Q

P is what

A

Parental generation

39
Q

F 1 is what

A

Hybrid offspring

40
Q

F 2 is what

A

Offspring of F1 generation

41
Q

When multiple genes control a single trait, the common phenotype is an accumulation of contributions by multiple genes. These traits show continuous variation.

A

Polygenic inheritance

42
Q

One allele has more than one affect on the phenotype

A

pleiotropy

43
Q

dominant allele doesn’t completely suppress the recessive, so an intermediate phenotype is expressed

A

Incomplete dominant

44
Q

Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous, and the phenotype has characteristics of each

A

Codominance

45
Q

Expression of one gene alters the expression of a second gene

A

epistasis

46
Q

Abnormal chromosome number in the gamete, resulting from pairs of homologous chromosomes that do not separate normally during meiosis.

A

Nondisjunction

47
Q

an abnormal number of a particular chromosome

A

aneuploidy

48
Q

Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes

A

polyploidy

49
Q

triploid

A

3n

50
Q

tetraploid

A

4n

51
Q

Environmental or lifestyle factors can modulate gene expression, turning genes off or on.

A

epigenetic

52
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast are copied as cells need more energy. have their own separate DNA.

A

extranuclear genes

53
Q
A

Organismal Biology (1 decks)

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