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cell division- honors biology > cell division > Flashcards

cell division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is cell division?

A

one parent cell divides to make two daughter cells with the same genetic material/DNA

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2
Q

before cell division what must happen?

A

parent must copy all of its DNA

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3
Q

FACT: each daughter cell gets 1 copy of genetic information

A
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4
Q

why do cells divide?

A

for reproduction

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5
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

organisms divide and make exact copies of themselves

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6
Q

what is the problem with asexual reproduction?

A

no genetic diversity

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7
Q

what kind of organisms reproduce asexually?

A

organisms, bacteria, protists

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8
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

fusion of 2 sex cells AND has genetic diversity

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9
Q

what kind of organisms reproduce sexually?

A

plants, animals

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10
Q

what is the problem with sexual reproduction?

A

lots of resources and finding a partner

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11
Q

DNA is usually in the form of chromatin, what is chromatin?

A

long string like fibers

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12
Q

once cells get ready to divide, what happens to DNA?

A

it coils up into compact structures

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13
Q

what are those compact structures that DNA coils up into called?

A

chromosomes

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14
Q

FACT: chromosomes are single DNA molecules coiled up

A
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15
Q

chromosomes have two identical copies called what?

A

sister chromatids

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16
Q

FACT: sister chromatids are exact copies of eachother

A
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17
Q

the sister chromatids are held together at the center of what?

A

the centromere

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18
Q

what do sex chromosomes do?

A

determine the sex of a chromosome

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19
Q

FACT: XX- female XY-male

A
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20
Q

what are autosomes?

A

nonsex chromosomes

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21
Q

1 organism has how many copies of each autosome?

A

2- one from each parent

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22
Q

the two copies of each autosome are called what?

A

homologous chromosomes

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23
Q

FACT: homologous chromosomes are the same size and shape and carry genes for the same traits

A
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24
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 in body cells, 2 sex cells

25
Q

what are diploid cells?

A

two sets of chromosomes -> 2n; called somatic cells (body cells)

26
Q

what are haploid cells?

A

one set of chromosomes -> 1n, called germ or gamete cells (sex cells)

27
Q

FACT: each diploid cell has 46 chromosomes, each haploid cell has 23 chromosomes

A
28
Q

what are prokaryotes?

A

division of binary fission- each daughter cell has an exact copy of the parent

29
Q

what are the two divisions of eukaryotes?

A

mitosis- division of diploid/ somatic/body cells
- daughter cells genetically identical to parent
meiosis- division of haploid/gamete/sex cells
-daughter cells genetically different to parent

30
Q

what is the G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase?

A

G1 phase- cell growth, after cell division daughter cell is much smaller than parent
S phase- synthesis phase, DNA copies itself
G2 phase- cell growth pt. 2, prep for cell division

31
Q

what comes after these 3 phases?

A

Cell division -> PMAT (mitosis) AND cytokinesis

32
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

division of cytoplasm

33
Q

what is the G0 phase?

A

dormant phase- no division takes place

34
Q

what is prophase?

A

spindle fibers begin to form, DNA condenses into chromosomes (sister chromatids together), nuclear envelope disappears

35
Q

what is metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, spindle fibers grow and bind into centromeres

36
Q

what is anaphase?

A

centromere breaks and each chromatid is pulled by spindle fibers to each side of the cell

37
Q

what is telophase?

A

spindle fibers disassemble, DNA returns to chromatin form

38
Q

what are animal cells?

A

cell membrane pinches inward between the cells creating a cleavage furrow, 2 new cells

39
Q

what are plant cells?

A

vesicles fuse at the midline creating a membrane bound cell wall called a cell phase

40
Q

what are plant cells?

A

vesicles fuse at the midline creating a membrane bound cell wall called a cell phase

41
Q

what protein tells the cells to divide?

A

cyclins

42
Q

what are tetrads?

A

arrangement of 4 chromosomes

43
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

process of programmed cell death

44
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells that become different cell types

45
Q

what is cancer?

A

uncontrolled cell division, form a mass of cells called a tumor

46
Q

what is a benign and malignant tumor?

A

benign- does not spread, malignant- invade and destroy

47
Q

what causes cancer?

A

genetic factors, tobacco, poor diet- lack of physical activity, sun and UV exposure, radiation exposure, carcinogens,

48
Q

how is cancer treated?

A

radiation, chemo, Immuno, hormone, targeted, stem cell therapy

49
Q

what happens after PMAT II (meiosis II)?

A

4 daughter cells all genetically different at the end of division

50
Q

what happens in Meiosis I Prophase I?

A

DNA coils up to chromosomes, spindle fibers begin to form, nuclear membrane disappears

51
Q

what happens in Prophase I?

A

homologous chromosomes pair up called synapse, each pair of homologous chromosomes are called tetrad, crossing over occurs- homologous recombination

52
Q

what are tetrads?

A

each pair of homologous chromosomes

53
Q

what is a synapse?

A

homologous chromosomes pair up

54
Q

what is metaphase I?

A

tetrads line up along midline, spindle fibers attach to each homologous pairs

55
Q

what is anaphase I?

A

each homologous pair of chromosomes moves to opposite poles,

56
Q

in anaphase I, what is the random separation of homologous chromosomes called?

A

independent assortment

57
Q

what happens in telophase I?

A

same as mitosis, DNA returns to chromatin form, nuclear membranes reform

58
Q

what happens after Meiosis II?

A

no copying of DNA, similar to the stages of mitosis, end up with four gamete cells at the end of division, all genetically different from each other

cell division- honors biology (1 decks)

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