Cell Differentiation Flashcards

The information about cell differentiation (31 cards)

1
Q

During the development of an organism, cells _____ into many types of cells

A

differentiate

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2
Q

All organisms start life as just _____ cell

A

one

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3
Q

Most multicellular organisms pass through an early stage of development called an _____, which gradually develops into an adult organism

A

embryo

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4
Q

During _____, an organism’s cells become more differentiated and specialized for particular functions

A

development

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5
Q

The process by which cells become _____ is known as _____.

A

specialized; differentiation

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6
Q

During development, cells differentiate into many different types and become specialized to _____ _____ _____.

A

perform certain tasks

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7
Q

Differentiated cells carry out the _____ that multicellular organisms need to stay alive

A

jobs

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8
Q

In some organisms, a cell’s _____ is determined at a specific point in development

A

role

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9
Q

Cell differentiation in mammals is controlled by a number of interacting factors in the _____

A

embryo

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10
Q

_____ cells generally reach a point at which their differentiation is complete and they can no longer become other types of cells

A

Adult

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11
Q

The unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop are known as _____ _____

A

stem cells

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12
Q

One of the most important questions in biology is how all of the specialized, differentiated cell types in the body are formed from just a _____ _____

A

single cell

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13
Q

Biologists say that a cell that is literally able to do everything, to form all the tissues of the body is _____

A

totipotent

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14
Q

Only the _____ _____ and the cells produced by the first few cell divisions of embryonic development are truly totipotent

A

fertilized egg

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15
Q

After about four days of development, a human embryo forms into a _____, a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass.

A

blastocyst

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16
Q

The cells of the inner cell mass are said to be _____, which means that they are capable of developing into many, but not all, of the cell’s body types

17
Q

Stem cells are _____ - cells from which differentiated cells can develop

A

unspecialized

18
Q

What are the two types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic and adult

19
Q

_____ stem cells are found in the inner cells mass of the early embryo

20
Q

True or False: Embryonic cells are totipotent

A

False: they are pluripotent

21
Q

Why are embryonic stem cells better for regenerative science?

A

Embryonic stem cells have the capacity to produce most of the cell types in the human body

22
Q

Adult organisms contain _____ types of stem cells

23
Q

Adult stem cells are _____. They can produce many types of differentiated cells

24
Q

Adult stem cells of a given organ or tissue typically produce only the types of cells that are unique to that _____

25
What are some benefits associated with stem cell research?
Stem cells offer the potential benefit of using undifferentiated cells to repair or replace badly damaged cells and tissues
26
What are some issues associated with stem cell research?
Human embryonic stem cell research is controversial because the arguments for it and against it both involve ethical issues of life and death
27
Stem cell research may lead to new ways to repair the cellular damage that results from _____ _____, _____, and _____ _____ injuries.
heart attacks; strokes; spinal cord
28
Most techniques for harvesting, or gathering, embryonic stem cells cause the _____ of the embryo (and therefore possibly killing a baby, depending on your stand)
destruction
29
Government funding of embryonic stem cell research is an important _____ _____
political issue
30
Groups seeking to protect embryos oppose such research as _____
unethical
31
Other groups support this research as essential to saving human lives and so view it as unethical to _____ the research
restrict