Cell Death and Accumulation

Question 1

Hypertrophy

Answer 1

Cellular response to injury
Increase in size of cells
Variably reversible
Adaptive or nonadaptive
Commonly seen with hyperplasia

Question 2

Hyperplasia

Answer 2

Increased cell proliferation
Individual cells may look normal
Possibly a reaction to a stimulus
Commonly seen with hypertrophy

Question 3

Atrophy

Answer 3

Cells are smaller in size, have lost proteins, and have lost cell membranes
Disuse or neurogenic
May be unilateral or bilateral (local or systemic)
Ubiquitin-Proteosome pathway
Lipofuscin

Question 4

Metaplasia

Answer 4

Change in cell structure in response to cellular stress (infection/irritant)
Stress causes inflammation
Altered differentiation leads to loss of function

Question 5

Dysplasia

Answer 5

Spontaneous change in cell appearance or arrangement

Question 6

Common intracellular accumulations

Answer 6

Lipid
Glycogen
Protein

Question 7

Common causes of hepatic lipidosis

Answer 7

Cellular overload of fats that cannot be broken down quickly enough
Diabetes: Insufficient carbohydrate processing leading to preferential use of fatty acids

Question 8

Lysosomal storage disease

Answer 8

Heritable, tend to be heterogenous
Inability to break down proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates, leading to cell death
Common in organs with rapid organelle turnover and high energy demands (brain, liver muscle)

Question 9

Intravascular hemolysis

Answer 9

Cellular contents are leaked into the blood
Macrophages cause massive inflammation
Hemoglobinuria is a major clinical sign

Question 10

Extravascular hemolysis

Answer 10

Macrophages target red blood cells and process them in overwhelming amounts
Hemoglobin is broken down into bilirubin, which the macrophage secretes
Liver is unable to process bilirubin, leading to icterus (major clinical sign)
IMHA

Question 11

Icterus
(Jaundice)

Answer 11

Buildup of bilirubin leading to yellowing of the mucosal membranes

Question 12

Amyloidosis

Answer 12

Deposition of misfolded protein into liver that the body cannot break down, leading to organomegaly
Primary, Secondary, or IAPP

Question 13

Hepatic amyloidosis

Answer 13

Amyloid in the liver prevents blood passage and deprives liver cells of nutrients
Liver cells atrophy
Amyloid continues to accumulate, causing organomegaly

Question 14

Dystrophic mineralization

Answer 14

Local deposition of calcium
Localized tissue injury

Question 15

Metastatic calcification

Answer 15

Systemic deposition of calcium, especially connective tissues and basal membranes
Common in renal disease, vitamin D toxicosis, parathyroid disorders, and neoplasia