Cell death Flashcards
What is (are) the executioner caspase(s) in apoptosis?
Caspase 3 and 6
What is necroptosis?
A regulated, pro-inflammatory, and caspase-independent form of necrotic cell death. Death receptors (DRs), toll-like receptors (TLRs), and nucleic acid sensing protein ZBP1 (Z-DNA binding protein 1) are prototypic inducer of necroptosis whose stimulation converges on the activation of RIP3 (receptor-interacting protein 3) (Newton & Manning, 2016).
2021 EMBO J. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020106700
Which of the following is caspase-independent?
1) Fas-mediated apoptosis
2) mitochondrial apoptosis
3) Pyroptosis
4) Necroptosis
Necroptosis is a regulated, pro-inflammatory, and caspase-independent form of necrotic cell death.
What is granzyme-mediated apoptosis?
Cytotoxic lymphoid cells (predominantly NK cells and cytotoxic T cells) can induce cell death via death receptor ligands (see above) or the granzyme/perforin system.
2021 EMBO J. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020106700
What does granzyme B (a protease) do to induce apoptosis?
Cleave caspase 3/7; cleave BID; cleave ICAD, a known caspase-3 target, to induce DNA fragmentation
How do cytotoxic T lymphocytes/NK cells initiate granzyme B-mediated apoptosis?
After recognition of transformed or infected cells, cytotoxic cells release secretory granules that contain perforin and granzyme B (Fig 1). These secreted factors are taken up by endocytosis and released to the cytosol by the perforin-dependent or -independent pathways
In extrinsic apoptosis, what is death inducing signaling complex (DISC) composed of?
FADD contains a DD and also a death effector domain (DED), which allows the recruitment of caspase-8 via homotopic domain interaction, forming the death inducing signaling complex— DISC.
2021 EMBO J. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020106700
How do cytotoxic T lymphocytes/NK cell initiate cell apoptosis?
Via cell death receptor ligand (ex: FasL, extrinsic apoptosis) or via releasing granzyme/perforin into virus-infected cells, which the cell picks up the granzyme/perforin by endocytosis.
What are apoptosis initiator-regulators?
BAD, BIM, Puma, Noxa, BH-3-only proteins
What are apoptosis initiator-regulators?
BAD, BIM, Puma, Noxa
What is the component that flip from inner leaflet to outer leaflet of the membrane to induce apoptosis?
Phosphatidylserine
What is the molecule which cytochrome C would bind to form apoptosome?
APAF-1 (apoptosis-activating factor-1)
Where does Smac come from?
mitrochondria
Which of the following is pro-apoptotic?
1) BAX and BAK
2) Bcl-2, Bcl-x
BAX and BAK
Which of the following is anti-apoptotic?
1) BAX and BAK
2) Bcl-2, Bcl-x
Bcl-2, Bcl-x
What are pyroptosis markers (in IHC)?
Active form of IL1b and IL18, cleaved caspase 1
What is terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) detecting?
1) DNA breaks
2) cleaved caspase
3) inner membrane (phosphatidylserine)
4) disrupted mitochondria
1) DNA breaks
What is the target of Annexin V staining?
1) DNA breaks
2) cleaved caspase
3) inner membrane (phosphatidylserine)
4) disrupted mitochondria
3) phosphatidylserine
Which of the following is gasdermin D-mediated cell lysis?
1) Mitochondrial apoptosis
2) Ferroptosis
3) Necroptosis
4) Pyroptosis
4) Pyroptosis
2021 EMBO J
Which caspase is part of DISC (death inducing signaling complex)?
1) caspase 7
2) caspase 8
3) caspase 9
4) caspase 10
2) caspase 8
2021 EMBO J
What molecule can directly regulate (antagonize) Bcl-2?
1) BAX and BAK
2) BID
3) BH3-only proteins
4) cytochrome c
3) BH3-only proteins
2021 EMBO J
What drug can edit the gene of adult mice?
Tamoxin–> cleave and edit DNA in adult mice (cited from Dr. Webster’s seminar “cell death” 2021 April)
What is MAC (membrane attack complex)?
A membranous complex composed of components of complement and form pores on the membrane. This structure is triggered by bacterial cytolysins and molecules from NK cells.
Which component is NOT the element of membrane attack complex (MAC)?
1) complement 3 (C3)
2) complement 5 (C5)
3) complement 7 (C7)
4) complement 9 (C9)
1) complement 3
Only cleaved C5b is part of the MAC.
