Cell Damage & Cell Death

Question 1

Hyperplasia

Answer 1

Increased number of cells

Question 2

Hypertrophy

Answer 2

Increased size of cells

Question 3

Hypotrophy

Answer 3

Decreased size of cells

Question 4

Hypoplasia

Answer 4

Decreased number of cells [Involution]

Question 5

Atrophy

Answer 5

Can refer to either decrease in number or size of the cells

Question 6

During smoking, what happens to the cells in the respiratory tract?

Answer 6

Metaplasia [Reversible] –> Dysplasia [Irreversible and likely to lead to cancer]

Metaplasia: Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells convert to stratified squamous to withstand the irritation of smoking to the epithelium

Dysplasia: Prolonged irritation causes disordered growth of cells, also likely leading to cancer.

Question 7

Physiological vs Pathological Response

Answer 7

Physiological response is usually body’s changes to aid itself whereas pathological response is usually when its getting harmed.

Question 8

Anaplasia

Answer 8

Loss of mature cellular differentiation

Question 9

4 reversible, EARLY stages when cells undergo stress

Answer 9

1. Hydropic changes [swelling of cytoplasm]
2. Fatty Changes
3. Nuclear chromatin clumping
4. Mitochondrial swelling

Question 10

4 Irreversible, LATE stage changes cells undergo nearing apoptosis

Answer 10

1. Pyknosis [Nuclear condensation]
2. Karyorrhexis [Nuclear Break up]
3. Karyolysis [Dissolution]

Others: lysosomal rupture, amorphous [lack of clear defined shape] densities in MC matrix, disruption of CSM, blebbing of CSM

Question 11

Late stage apoptotic cells stain more esinophilic or basophilic?

Answer 11

Eosinophilic

due to denatured proteins which are eosinophilic. cancer cells also stain more eosinophilic.

Question 12

Necrosis vs Apoptosis

Answer 12

Cell Size: Enlarged vs Reduced

Nucleus: Pyknosis, Karyorrhexis, Karyolysis vs Fragmentation into nucleosome size fragments

CSM: Disrupted vs Intact but altered

Cellular contents: Enzymatic digestion + Leakage out of cell vs Intact but released in apoptotic bodies

Adjacent Inflammation: Frequent vs None

Physio/Patho: Invariably Patho vs Usually physio [eliminate unwanted cells] can be patho after some cell injury [dna/protein damage]

No. of cells: More cells [Tissue level] vs Few/Single cells

ATP: passive vs active

Question 13

8 types of necrosis

Answer 13

liquefactive, caseous, coagulative, suppurative, hemorrhagic, fat, gangrenous, fibrinoid

Question 14

Autolysis

Answer 14

Death of cells and tissues after the death of the whole
organism

Question 15

Apoptosis

Answer 15

programmed cell death [either physio or patho]

Question 16

Necrosis

Answer 16

Defined as death of cells in living tissues characterized
by the breakdown of cell membranes. Always pathological

Question 17

coagulative necrosis

Answer 17

Form of necrosis secondary to hypoxia or loss of blood supply (ischaemia / infarction). Ghost outlines (cell structure present but with loss of nuclei) of cells seen on light microscopy.

hypoxia –> ischaemia –> infarction –> necrosis

Question 18

caseous necrosis

Answer 18

“cheesy necrosis” usually occurs after TB infection.

Question 19

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 19

Used to describe necrosis in the brain post stroke (infarction).

Question 20

Haemorrhagic necrosis

Answer 20

Used to describe necrosis in organs with dual blood supply eg. Lungs and Liver.

Question 21

suppurative necrosis

Answer 21

Suppurative necrosis used to describe abscess formation (large collections of neutrophils)

Question 22

gangrenous necrosis

Answer 22

autoamputation

Question 23

Makeup of Granuloma [4 cell types]

Answer 23

1. epithelioid macrophages
2. lymphocytes
3. neutrophils
4. multinucleated Langhans giant cells

Granulomas are aggregates of epithelioid histiocytes (macrophages) often with central necrosis and seen as multinucleated giant cells surrounded by T lymphocytes and neutrophils.

Question 24

basis of haemorrhagic necrosis?

Answer 24

occulsion of one blood supply –> ischaemia [lack/reduced blood flow] –> tissue dies –> endothelium lining vessels of 2nd blood supply die even though it has perfusion due to hypoxia –> endothelium ruptures –> loss of vessel endothelial integrity –> haemorrhage

Question 25

fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 25

Blood vessels.

Fibrin (factor II) is found ONLY in blood, a fibrous protein that is part of the coagulation cascade which helps blood clot.

Fibrinoid necrosis is necrosis with extravascular leakage & agglutination of fibrin.

Appears as a pink ring on histology